PREPARED BY :

CARLA MAE I. RAZON

HANNAH D. PALICPIC

What Is Transistor ?
A

transistor is a semiconductor device used

to amplify and switch electronic signals

and
electrical
power.
It
is
composed
of semiconductor material with at least three
terminals for connection to an external circuit. A
voltage or current applied to one pair of the
transistor's terminals changes the current
through another pair of terminals. Because the
controlled (output) power can be higher than the
controlling
(input)
power,
a
transistor
can amplify a signal. Today, some transistors are
packaged individually, but many more are found
embedded in integrated circuits.

What Is Transistor ?
The

transistor

is the fundamental building

block of modern electronic devices, and is ubiquitous

in modern electronic systems. Following its
development in 1947 by American physicists John
Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley, the
transistor revolutionized the field of electronics,
and
paved
the
way
for
smaller
and
cheaper radios, calculators, and computers, among
other things. The transistor is on the list of IEEE
milestones in electronics, and the inventors were
jointly awarded the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics for
their achievement.

What Is A Transistor ?
~> A Transistor Is A 3 Terminal
Electronic
Device
Made
Of
Semiconductor Material.
~>Transistors Have Many Uses,
Including Amplification, Switching,
Voltage
Regulation,
And
The
Modulation Of Signals

History
Before Transistors Were Invented, Circuits Used Vacuum Tubes:
Fragile, Large In Size, Heavy, Generate Large Quantities Of Heat, Require A Large Amount Of
Power
The First Transistors Were Created At Bell Telephone Laboratories In 1947
William Shockley, John Bardeen, And Walter Brattain Created The Transistors In And Effort To
Develop A Technology That Would Overcome The Problems Of Tubes
The First Patents For The Principle Of A Field Effect Transistor Were Registered In 1928 By

Julius Lillenfield.
Shockley, Bardeen, And Brattain Had Referenced This Material In Their Work
The Word Transistor Is A Combination Of The Terms Transconductance And Variable Resistor
Today An Advanced Microprossesor Can Have As Many As 1.7 Billion Transistors.

John Bardeen, William Shockley And Walter

Brattain In 1948, Courtesy Of Bell Telephone
Laboratories

William Shockley , John Bardeen , and

Walter Brattain

This

trio developed the solid state transistor. The transistor

took over the function of the bulkier , not-so-efficient , and more
expensive vacuum triode in the telephone network . Later it would
be revolutionize every aspect of the telephone industry and all of
communications.

William Shockley
William Bradford Shockley Jr. (February 13, 1910 August 12, 1989)
Was An American Physicist And Inventor. Shockley Was The Manager
Of A Research Group That Included John Bardeen And Walter Houser
Brattain, The Duo Which Invented The Transistor. For This Feat, All
Three Were Awarded The 1956 Nobel Prize In Physics.

Shockley's Attempts To Commercialize A New Transistor

Design In The 1950s And 1960s Led To California's "Silicon
Valley" Becoming A Hotbed Of Electronics Innovation. In His
Later Life, Shockley Was A Professor At Stanford And Became
A Staunch Advocate Of Eugenics.

John Bardeen
John Bardeen (May 23, 1908 January 30, 1991) was an
American physicist and electrical engineer, the only person to have won
the Nobel Prize in Physics twice: first in 1956 with William
Shockley and Walter Brattain for the invention of the transistor; and again
in 1972 with Leon N Cooper and John Robert Schrieffer for a fundamental
theory of conventional superconductivity known as the BCS theory.
The transistor revolutionized the electronics industry, allowing
the Information Age to occur, and made possible the development of almost
every modern electronic device, from telephones to computers to missiles.
Bardeen's developments in superconductivity, which won him his second
Nobel, are used in Nuclear Magnetic ResonanceSpectroscopy (NMR) or its
medical sub-tool magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
In 1990, John Bardeen appeared on LIFE Magazine's list of "100 Most
Influential Americans of the Century

Walter Brattain
Walter Houser Brattain (February 10, 1902 October 13, 1987)
Was An American Physicist At Bell Labs Who, Along With John
Bardeen And William Shockley, Invented The Transistor. They
Shared The 1956 Nobel Prize In Physics For Their Invention. He
Devoted Much Of His Life To Research On Surface States.