POWER FACTOR IN ELECTRICAL

ENERGY MANAGEMENT

Prepared by:

Pratistha Senapaty
0811013076
Section-A
Electrical Engg.

INTRODUCTION

1. Power factor is the percentage of electricity

that is being used to do useful work
2. power factor= active power/apparent power
3. 0<P.F.<1 & Dimensionless
4. Apparent power(S) has two components:
Productive power(P)
Reactive power(Q)

UNDERSTANDING OF POWER FACTOR

The conventional definition is only valid when considering
IDEAL sinusoidal signals for both current and voltage
waveforms.
WHICH IS ONLY APPLICABLE IN CASE OF LINEAR
CIRCUIT.

Instantaneous & average power calculated from ac voltage &

current with unity power factor &0 power factor

(Instantaneous and average power calculated from ac

Voltage & current with a lagging power factor)
1.Power factors are usually stated as leading or
lagging
to show the sign of the phase angle.
2.Poor power factors are always avoided , because the
lower power factors come up with higher the
apparent power associated with it.

DISADVANTAGES OF LOW
POWER FACTOR

more system losses

More kva demand
Require larger wire
Require other equipments like transformers ,
protective relays
Poor efficiency of power system equipments
Wastage of available power

EQUIPMENTS CREATING POOR POWER

FACTOR
Lighting Incandescent Lamps
Fluorescent Lamps
Mercury Vapor Lamps

Distribution Transformer
Induction Motors

Synchronous Motors

BENEFITS OF POWER FACTOR CORRECTION

Benefit 1 - Reduce Utility Power Bills

Benefit 2 - Increase System Capacity

Benefit 3 - Improve System Operating Characteristics

(Reduce Line Losses)

POWER FACTOR CORRECTION

Power factor correction can be made in two ways:
Reduce the amount of reactive energy
Compensate artificially for the consumption of
reactive energy with power factor capacitor
Two type of equipment are available for power
factor correction:
Rotary
Equipment:
Phase
advancers,
synchronous motors and synchronous condensers

 Power factor correction is achieved by the

addition of capacitors in parallel with the
connected motor circuits and can be applied at
the starter, or applied at the switchboard or
distribution panel.

AUTOMATIC POWER FACTOR CORRECTION UNIT

1-reactive power control relay

2-network connection points
3-slow blow fuses
4-inrush limiting contactors
5-capacitors(delta connection)
6-transformer suitable voltage
Transformation to suit control
Power.

AUTOMATIC SWITCHING OF CAPACITORS

POWER FACTOR IN NON LINEAR CIRCUIT

A non linear power system is the system where current is interrupted
by switching action , the current contains frequency components that
are multiples of power system frequency.
A non linear load on a power system
is typically a rectifier or some kind
of arc discharge device like welding
machine or arc furnace etc.
Power factor=(distortion power
factor)(cos )
DPF=1/(1+THD^2)^0.5
THD=total harmonic distortion of
load current

Harmonics & Their Effects

HARMONICS:
Signals of different frequency other than other than
Fundamentals
SOURCES:
>Static power converters
>rectifiers
>inverters
> arc and laddle furnaces
thyristor controlled reactors
EFFECTS:
>increased line losses
>reduced efficiency of rotating machine
>overstressing of capacitor
>cable insulation failure
>errors in metering equipments

POWER FACTOR CORRECTION IN NON LINEAR LOAD

First harmonics are eliminated by using filters or capacitor bank

Then we go for either passive PFC or active PFC

Passive PFC:>requires larger inductor

> here nonlinearity is eliminated
using capacitor bank.
>less efficient in comparison to active PFC
Active PFC : >controls the amount of power that flows into
the load to get P.F. nearly equal to 1
>more efficient.

CONCLUSION
Lastly after the completion of my project, I conclude that
improvement of power factor is necessary in both
consumer and supplier point of view. In some industries
penalty is charged due to maintenance of low power
factor. In some industries where power consumed by the
load is low, high ratings of equipments are required.
SVC Technologies and Synchronous Generator are used
for the improvement of power factor.