Radio Frequency Part and Antenna ISSUE2.1

Internal
OMF000004
Radio Frequency Part and
Antenna
ISSUE 2.1
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
www.huawei.com
All rights reserved
RF components are widely used in

wireless system, and effect performance
of network
All rights reserved
Page 1
Upon completion this course, you will be able to:

Understand the structure and features of
combination unit
Master the key specifications of antenna
Be able to choose the suitable type of RF
component
All rights reserved
Page 2
Chapter 1 RF Part in BTS

Chapter 2 Antenna
Chapter 3 Feeder and TTA
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Page 3
RF Device of BTS
Antenna
Antenna
stand
Jumper between
antenna and TTA
Jumper between
lightening arrester
and cabinet
TTA
Lightening
arrester
TDU
Feeder
Jumper between
TTA and feeder
SWITCH BOX
FAN BOX
T T T T
R R R R
X X X X
BTS312
cabinet
AIR BOX
T T T T
R R R R
X X X X
FAN BOX
T T T T
R R R R
X X X X
P P P P P PP
T T TT
S S S S S S M ME E E
U U U U U UU
U S UU
AIR BOX
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Page 4
Introduction
RF device in BTS include two parts
Indoor: combiner and splitter unit
For example: CDU module, SCU module and EDU module

Outdoor: antenna, feeder, TTA (tower top amplifier), jumper and
lightning arrester
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Page 5
Function of Combiner and Divider

Use one antenna to support multiple TX/RX
signals, decreases the amount of antenna and

feeder
Complete duplexer of TX/RX and combine TX signal
filter, amplify and split the RX signal

Provide power for TTA
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Page 6
CDU (Combining and Divider Unit)

Tx1
Tx/Rx_ANT
combiner
Tx2
duplexer
Tx_Comb
Tx_Dup
Rx1
Rx2
Rx3
Rx4
HL_out
Rx5
Rx6
Rx7
Rx8
divider
amplifier
divider
filter
HL_in
RxD
RxD_out
All rights reserved
Page 7
SCU (Simple Combiner Unit)

combiner
TX1
combiner
TX2
TX3
TX4
combiner
TX -Comb
All rights reserved
Page 8
EDU (Enhance Duplexer Unit)
Tx1
duplexer
Tx/Rx_ANT1
duplexer
Tx/Rx_ANT2
Rx1
Rx2
divider
amplifier
Rx1
Rx2
divider
Tx2
amplifier
All rights reserved
Page 9
Comparison among Different Combining Units

combine
mode
CDU
SCU
SCU+CDU
EDU
Double CDU
( with combiner)
Double CDU
( without combiner)
typical loss
value of
TX(dB)
combine two
TX signal
one step 3dB
combiner
combine four
TX signal
two step 3dB
combiner
combine four
TX signal
two step 3dB
combiner
no combiner
double duplex
no combiner
double duplex
combine two
TX signal
double duplex
All rights reserved
price
comparison
(per TRX)
4.5
middle
6.8
low
low
middle
high
4.5
middle
Page 10
ECDU&ESCU
ECDU
The structure is the same as CDU's, but increase MAX. input

power. It can bear up to100W input RF power
ESCU
The structure is the same as CDU's, but increase MAX. input

power. It can bear up to100W input RF power
All rights reserved
Page 11
S4/4/4 2CDU
Tx/RxM_ANT1
RxD
Tx/RxM_ANT2
RxD
CDU_1
Duplexer
Combiner
CDU_2
Duplexer
Distributor
Tx
Tx
Distributor
Combiner
Distributor
Distributor
TRx0
RxM
RxD
Tx
TRx2
RxM
RxD
TRx1
RxM
RxD
Tx
TRx2
RxM
RxD
All rights reserved
Page 12
S4/4/4 SCU+CDU
SCU
TX
TX OUT
COMB
RXA
RXB
TX COMB
TX OUT
RXA
RXB
TX
TX OUT
CDU
TX/RX ANT
COMB
TX COMB
RXA
DUP
TX DUP
RX
RXB
(TX/RXB)
1:4
HL OUT
TX OUT
RXD ANT
HL IN
(RXA)
1:4
RXA
RXB
RXD OUT
All rights reserved
Page 13
Board in BTS3012: DCOM

DCOM
The DCOM is optional and there are up to
ONSHELL
three DCOMs.
The DCOM combines the 2-route DTRU
transmission signals and outputs them to the

DDPU
TX-COM
TX1
TX2
All rights reserved
Page 14
Interfaces on DCOM
Interface
Type
Description
ONSHELL
DB26
(female)
For identification of the board type of DCOM

and on-site status
TXCOM
N (male)
Output of combining signals from the DCOM

to DDPU
TX1
N (male)
TX signal input from the DTRU to DCOM
TX2
N (male)
TX signal input from the DTRU to DCOM
All rights reserved
Page 15
Board in BTS3012: DDPU

The DDPU is intermixed with the DCOM in the forepart of RF
subsystem.
Sending multi RF signals from the transceiver in the DTRU to
the antenna through the duplexer

Sending signals from the antenna after amplifying and
quartering them to the transceiver in the DTRU

Detecting standing wave alarms in the Antenna Feeder system
Receiving the gain control of the low noise amplifier
All rights reserved
Page 16
Functional structure of the DDPU

ANTA
duplexer
ANTB
divider
duplexer
divider
TXA
RXA1
RXA2
RXA3
RXA4
TXB
RXB1
RXB2
RXB3
RXB4
All rights reserved
Page 17
Indicators on DDPU
Indicator
RUN
ALM
VSWRA
VSWRB
Color
Description
Green Indicates the DDPU is

running and powerd on
Red
Red
Red
Indicates an alarm
Indicates a standing
wave alarm of Channel
A
Indicates a standing
wave alarm of Channel
B
Status
Meaning
ANTB
ANTA
On
There is power supply and the board is faulty.
Off
There is no power supply or the board is

faulty.
Slow flash (0.5 Hz)
The board is running normally.
Fast flash (2.5 Hz)
The DTMU is sending configuration

parameters to the DDPU or the DDPU is
loading software programs.
On (including highfrequency flash)
There is alarm(including standing wave alarm)

and the board is faulty.
Off
No fault
Slow flash (0.5 Hz)
The board is starting or loading the newest

application programs
Slow flash (0.5 Hz)
Standing wave alarm occurs to Channel A
On
Standing wave critical alarm occurs to

Channel A
RXA2
Off
No standing wave alarm occurs to Channel A
RXA4
Slow flash (0.5 Hz)
Standing wave alarm occurs to Channel B
RXB1
On
Standing wave critical alarm occurs to

Channel B
Off
No standing wave alarm occur to Channel B
All rights reserved
DDPU
RUN
ALM
VSWRA
VSWRB
COM
POWER
Page 18
RXA1
TXA
RXA3
RXB2
RXB3
RXB4
TXB
Interface on DDPU
ANTB
Interface
Type
COM
DB26
(female)
POWER 3V3
TXA
N (male)
TXB
N (male)
RXA1
RXA2
RXA3
RXA4
RXB1
RXB2
RXB3
RXB4
ANTA
ANTB
SMA (female)
SMA (female)
SMA (female)
SMA (female)
SMA (female)
SMA (female)
SMA (female)
SMA (female)
DIN (female)
DIN (female)
Description
Sends to the DDPU control signals, communication signals,
clock signals and subrack number
Power supply input
Input of the TX signals sent from the DTRU
Input of the DCOM combining signals
Input of the TX signals sent from the DTRU
Input of the DCOM combining signals
Main 1 output port
Main 2 output port
Main 3 output port
Main 4 output port
Diversity 1 output port
RF jumper port
RF jumper port
All rights reserved
Page 19
ANTA
DDPU
RUN
ALM
VSWRA
VSWRB
COM
POWER
RXA1
RXA2
TXA
RXA3
RXA4
RXB1
RXB2
RXB3
RXB4
TXB
Board in BTS3012: DATU

DATU
It is optional and there are maximum two DATUs
RUN
ACT
Transmitting the remote electrical tilt unit (RET)
ALM
control signals
Feeding the TMA
ANT0
Communicating with the DTMU for control and
ANT1
alarm report
ANT2
ANT3
ANT4
ANT5
All rights reserved
Page 20
Bias-Tee
Separate RF signal from control signal
(antenna downtilt) and power supply (TTA)

Connect antenna via jumper to connector 1
Connect DDPU to connector 3
Connect DATU to connector 2

2
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Page 21
8 TRXs Connection of BTS 3012
BIAS-TEE
DDPU
DCOM
DATU
DTRU
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Page 22

Chapter 2 Antenna
All rights reserved
Page 23
What is Antenna?
Radiate and receive radio wave ,convert high frequency current to

electromagnetic wave when transmitting, and convert
electromagnetic wave to high frequency current when receiving
Blah bl ah
blah bl ah
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Page 24
Classification
Classify by working band: UHF, VHF, microwave, etc.
Classify by radiate pattern: omni, directional
Classify by structure: line, pane, parabola feed
Classify by polarization: vertical and horizontal
Classify by outline: line and pane
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Page 25
Radiate Pattern
directional Antenna
All rights reserved
omni direction
Page 26
Outline
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Page 27
Polarization
vertical polarization
Omni antenna
vertical polarization
directional antenna
All rights reserved
dual polarization
directional antenna
Page 28
Function
Convert high frequency current to electromagnetic wave when
transmitting
Convert electromagnetic wave to high frequency current when

receiving
Antenna can not amplify the transmission power, just concentrate
RF power to one direction
horizontal section
Vertical section
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Page 29
Radiate Pattern
Omni antenna
lobe
Direction
antenna lobe
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Page 30
Radiate pattern
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Page 31
Dipole and Isotropic
Dipole
1/4wave length
1/2wave length
1/4 wave length
Isotropic
Ideal radiator with same ability on all direction!
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Page 32
Gain
The radiation ability of certain antenna overtop dipole or isotropic

Indicates the antenna feature of electromagnetic radiation in specific
directions
Unit: dBi/dBd
Isotropic antenna
Symmetrical dipole
antenna
Actual antenna
2.15d
B
dBd
dBi
All rights reserved
Page 33
Forward to Back Ratio

The ratio of main lobe signal strength to back lobe
This value is within 1845dB. In urban, it is suggested to use
the antenna with high F/B ratio
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Page 34
Beam Angle
HPBW: Half Power Beam Bandwidth
Lobe angel between two points, the power of which reduce to
the half of that of the maximum radiate direction

Vertical HPBW and Horizontal HPBW
Peak - 3dB
15 (eg)
- 3dB
Peak
60 (eg)
Peak - 3dB
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Peak
- 3dB
Page 35
Down title
To control coverage
To decrease inter modulation
Realization: electronic and mechanism
All rights reserved
Page 36
Down title
mechanism
electron
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Page 37
Effect of Electron Down title
No Down title
Electron Down title

All rights reserved
Page 38
Effect of Mechanism Downtitle
No Downtitle
Electron Downtitle
All rights reserved
Page 39
Effect of different methods
10(E)
6(E)+ 4(M)
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10(M)
Page 40
Polarization
The direction of electro - vector radiated by antenna. The
vertical polarization wave is vertical with the plane of ground,

and the horizontal polarization waves parallel with the plane of
ground
Single antenna has only one polarization direction.
Dual polarized antenna contains two single - polarized antenna
in one entity. Dual polarization antenna usually adopts +45/ 45

degree orthogonal polarization.
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Page 41
Polarization
VERTICAL
HORIAONTAL
+ 45
- 45
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Page 42
Dual Polarization
V/H
+/- 45
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Page 43
Port Isolation
The isolation among ports should be more than 30 dB. for multi-ports
antenna, Such as dual band, dual polarization antenna
10log(1000mW/1mW) = 30dB
1000mW (1W)
1mW
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Page 44
Null Filled
It shall apply null filled technology when zero depth is less
than main beam for 26dB.

High gain antenna especially adopt null filled technology to
effectively improve the nearby coverage
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Page 45
Upper Side Lobe Suppression

Main to upper side
Main to lower side
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Page 46
VSWR
If stands for antenna input impedance, and stands for antenna
standard characteristic impedance, the reflection coefficient is:
Z A Z 0
Z A Z 0
, VSWR
1
1
where is 50 ohm. The return loss can also indicate the match
characteristic of the port, that is, if VSWR = 1.5:1 and R.L. = 13.98dB.
When antenna input impedance is inconsistent with its characteristic
impedance, the reflection wave and incident wave will overlap on

feeder cable to form standing wave. The ratio of the maximum to
minimum value of neighbor is the VSWR.
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Page 47
Passive intermodulation (PIM)

It is the inermodulation effect caused by the non-linearity
present in the passive components, such as connector,

antenna, feeder, and filter, working under high power signals of
multiple carriers.
Generally, it is granted that passive components are of linearity.
Under high power condition, nonlinearity is present in passive

components to some extent mainly due to the following causes:
Metals of different materials are contacted together.
The contact surface of the same materials is rough.
The components are not tightly connected.
Magnetic substances are present.
All rights reserved
Page 48
Usage of Antenna
Landform
Station type
Reference
Urban areas
Directional
station
Select the antennas with low or medium

gains and preset electrical tilt angle
depending on base station density. An
electrical adjustment antenna or mechanical
tilt angle can be selected.
Suburban areas
Directional
station
Select the antennas with high gain; both

electrical adjustment tilt antenna and
Directional
station
Select the 90 antennas; but the best

choice is the vertical signal polarization
Directional
station
Select the antennas with zero point filling

first regardless of tilt angle.
Plains & Rural areas
mechanical tilt antenna are ok.
antennas.
All rights reserved
Page 49
Usage of Antenna
Landform
Station type
Expressways
Directional
station
First select the 8-shaped antennas, and

then consider using the power splitter of
0.5/0.5 configuration; it is preferred to have
zero point filling function.
Directional
station + Omni
station
First consider the 210 antennas, and then

consider using the directional antenna and
omni antenna together.
Mountain areas
Reference
Omni station
First consider the antennas with zero point

filling function, and then consider the
antennas with low gain; the antenna tilt
angel is considered last.
Directional
station
First consider the antennas with low gain

and wide vertical beams, and then consider
adding tile angle.
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Page 50
Coupling Between Antennas

Horizontal separation
main lobe
Sufficient decoupling distance: 5-10
Antenna patterns become superimposed if

distance is too close
Vertical separation
Decoupling distance:1 can provide better RX
5 .. 10
/TX decoupling
Minimum coupling loss
All rights reserved
Page 51
Installation Examples
Recommended decoupling
TX - TX: ~30dB
0,2m
TX - RX: ~40dB
Horizontal decoupling distance
depends on
Antenna gain
Horizontal rad. pattern
Omni-directional.: 5 .. 20m
directional : 1 ... 3m
Omni-directional antenna
Use vertical separation for RX and

TX
Use vertical separation (fork) for
RX and diversity RX
Vertical decoupling is much more effective
All rights reserved
Page 52
Antenna Installation
Coupling loss (dB):
Lv=28+40log(k/) (vertical installation)

Lv=22+20log(d/)-(G1+G2)-(S1+S2) (horizontal installation)
: wave length
K: distance at vertical
D: distance at horizontal
G1 G2: gain
S1 S2: Relative gain at line connected two antenna
All rights reserved
Page 53
Distributed Antenna System

Small
antenna
Power
splitter
Small
antenna
coupling
Small
antenna
coupling
Small
antenna
Small
antenna
Dual direction
coupling
amplifier
BTS
BTS
coupling
coupling
Power
splitter
Dual direction amplifier
All rights reserved
Power
splitter
Small
antenna
Page 54
Small
antenna
Symmetry and Asymmetry Network

3
3
3
1.3
Dual direction
Tx/Rx
amplifier
0.5
3
3
0.5
3
10
10
3
Tx/Rx
All rights reserved
Page 55
Optical Fiber Distributed Antenna
The optical fiber repeater is mainly adopted in the case

of wide coverage and long distance transmission
transceiver
signal
Optical transceiver
transceiver
Optical transceiver
All rights reserved
Page 56
Leaky Cable
Coaxial cable with perforated leads
It is mainly adopted for tunnel, metro and with high cost of
equipment and installing
Power splitter
Matching load
Tx/Rx
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Matching load
Page 57
Leaky cable
Coaxial cable with perforated leads
Produce constant field-strength along cable runs
Work at wide-band
Radiating loss become higher with high frequency
Very large bending radius

Formerly often used for tunnel coverage
Expensive
All rights reserved
Page 58
Feature of Leaky Cable

Transmission loss per hundred meter
Typical value : 10~40 dB per 100m

Couple Loss at 1 meter distance
Typical value 55 dB (at 1m)
How to calculate strength with leaky cable?
All rights reserved
Page 59
Comparison with Distributed Antenna

type
leaking fiber
design agility
coaxial fiber
optical
good
good
high
low
high
Complexity of
installing
high
low
low
loss of
transmission
high
high
low
cost
power supply
not needed
reliability
applicability
not needed
high
needed
high
metro, tunnel
not good
low
high building,
commercial
area
All rights reserved
far area
coverage
Page 60

Chapter 2 Antenna
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Page 61
Tower Top Amplifier

Amplify uplink weak signal, then:
Balance uplink and downlink
Compensate loss of feeder
Simplex TTA
duplex TTA
All rights reserved
triplex TTA
Page 62
Triplex Tower Top Amplifier
triplex
TTA
TX filter
BTS
antenna
bypass
Bias Tee
RX filter
RX filter
Low noise amplifier
DC
All rights reserved
Page 63
Data Configuration of CDU

Turn on power of TTA in CDU before installation
TTA switch is in rear panel of CDU

Configuration alarm threshold of TTA current before installation
TTA current switch is in rear panel of CDU

Configuration attenuation factor of receive signal on consol
attenuation factor of receive signal

=TTA gain feeder loss
Simplex TTA gain:14dB, triplex TTA gain:12dB
Don t use TTA if not necessary
For the convenience of installation

To get better lighting -proof effect
All rights reserved
Page 64
Power Switch and Current Limit
Rear panel of KMW CDU
TTAM TTAD
OFF
TTAM
TTAM
TTAD
OFF
OFF
TTAM
TTAD
TTAD: power switch of diversity TTA

TTAM: power switch of main TTA switch
1
2
3
OFF
TTAD
1
2
3
select current limit
All rights reserved
Page 65
Power Switch and Current Limit
Rear panel of COM DEV CDU
1 2
0
3
3
2 1 0
0
3
2 1 0
0
3
1 2
1 2
2 1
Note:
MAIN main TTA switch
DIVERSE diversity TTA switch
3
0
All rights reserved
Page 66
Feeder
Feeder selection
Type : 1/27/85/4
Select 5/4 in the case of feeder length is more than 80 m
and otherwise select 7/8 in 900MHz
Select 5/4 in the case of feeder length is more than 50 m
and otherwise select 7/8 in 1800MHz
Feeder curvature should not be so big, outer conductor
should be connected to earth

LOSS dB/100m
TYPE
LDF5 - 50A(7/8
LDF6 - 50(5/4
M1474A(7/8
SYFY - 50 - 22(7/8 )
HFC22D
- A(7/8 )
(MHz)
VSWR
Bend
Radius (m)
manufacturer
890
1,000
1,700
2,000
4.03
4.3
5.87
6.46
1.15
0.25
ANDREW
2.98
3.17
4.31
4.77
1.15
0.38
ANDREW
6.6
1.15
0.22
ACOME
6.46
1.15
0.3
6.7
1.15
0.25
609
LG
4.3
4.03
5.87
4.47
All rights reserved
Page 67
Summary
In this course, we have learned:

CDU structure and loss
SCU structure and loss
Antenna type and feature
TTA
All rights reserved
Page 68
Thank You
www.huawei.com

Radio Frequency Part and Antenna ISSUE2.1

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Internal

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

RF components are widely used in

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

Upon completion this course, you will be able to:

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

Chapter 1 RF Part in BTS

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

For example: CDU module, SCU module and EDU module

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

Function of Combiner and Divider

signals, decreases the amount of antenna and

filter, amplify and split the RX signal

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

CDU (Combining and Divider Unit)

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

SCU (Simple Combiner Unit)

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

EDU (Enhance Duplexer Unit)

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

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Comparison among Different Combining Units

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

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The structure is the same as CDU's, but increase MAX. input

The structure is the same as CDU's, but increase MAX. input

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

Board in BTS3012: DCOM

The DCOM is optional and there are up to

transmission signals and outputs them to the

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

For identification of the board type of DCOM

Output of combining signals from the DCOM

TX signal input from the DTRU to DCOM

TX signal input from the DTRU to DCOM

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

Board in BTS3012: DDPU

the antenna through the duplexer

quartering them to the transceiver in the DTRU

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

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Functional structure of the DDPU

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

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Green Indicates the DDPU is

There is power supply and the board is faulty.

There is no power supply or the board is