At the end of lesson students are able:

To explain the structure and function of tissue in

root, stem and leaf carefully and honestly
To show the position of epidermis, cortex and
stele in plant thinking logically
To explain the function of specific tissue in plant
body properly
To explain the differences place between xylem
and phloem caring about social matters and
environment
To differences structure both monocotyle and
dicotyle carefully and properly

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

ROOT
STEM
LEAVES
FLOWERS
FRUITS
SEEDS

The roots help provide support by anchoring the plant and absorbing water and
nutrients needed for growth. They can also store sugars and carbohydrates the plant
uses to carry out other functions. Plants can have either a TAPROOT SYSTEM
(dicots) or a FIBROUS ROOT SYSTEM (monocots). In both cases, the roots are the
links between the water and nutrients needed for plant growth.

Primary function of root :

1. Anchors plant in ground.
2. Absorbs water & minerals.
3. Storage of food made by leaves.

WHOLE ROOT STRUCTURE :

1. Epidermis :
Outer layer of cells ("skin"), for protection.
2. Root Hair :
An extension of specialized root epidermal cells increasing
surface area for absorption of water & minerals.
3. Cortex :
Region between epidermis & vascular cylinder. Supports plant
parts & stores food.
4. Endodermis :
Layer of cells just outside vascular cylinder.
5. Pericycle :
Cylindrical layer of cells inside endodermis. Origin of cork &
secondary (side) roots.

WHOLE ROOT STRUCTURE :

6. Vascular Cylinder :
Arrangement of vascular tissues as a central cylinder in roots.
This is shown as the large circular area in the middle of both
diagrams.
7.

Xylem :
Living (inner) vascular system
carrying water & minerals
throughout plant.

8. Phloem :
Living (outer) vascular system
carrying dissolved sugars and
organic compounds throughout
plant.

OTHERS :

Root Hairs :
Outward extensions of
epicermal cells which extend
between soil particles to collect
water and solutes (minerals).

Apical Meristem :
Cells near the tip that can
divide by mitosis to make any
type of plant cell.
Root Cap :
Dome-shaped mass of cells at the tip which protect the meristem
cells from damage (as root extends through soil).

Primary tissues of a root :

1. Epidermis
2. Cortex
3. Endodermis
4. Central core (stele) :
Pericycle and
vascular bundles

Stems conducts water and minerals in the vascular bundles,

usually from the root upwards to the leaves via the
XYLEM; and, food materials move from the leaves to other
parts of the plant by way of the PHLOEM.
In some plants, stems may become specialized to store large
amounts of food and/or water.
Stems that grow above the ground are called aerial stems;
however, some plants have underground stems (rhizome).

There are 2 types of aerial stems: herbaceous and woody.

Herbaceous stems have almost all primary tissue (derived
from the apical meristem), and are usually green, and soft.
They lack hard woody tissue.

Most plants that live for only one year (annuals) have
herbaceous stems. Plants that live for more than two
years, perennials, have woody stems; for example,
trees.
Woody stems are composed mostly of secondary
tissues. Secondary tissues are derived from secondary
meristems: vascular cambium and cork cambium.

The major function of leaves is the production of food by

photosynthesis. LEAVES may also be modified for food
storage (onion) and protection of the plant (cactus).

Leaves are the food making factories of green plants.

Leaves come in many different shapes and sizes.
Leaves can be simple (one leaf attached to a stem), made
of a single leaf blade connected by a petiole to the stem
(oak, maple), or compound (a leaf that is made up of a
bunch of smaller leaves called leaflets), in which the leaf
blade is divided into separate leaflets attached by a petiole
to the stem.

Petiole is the part that joins the leaves of a plant to the main stem.

Leaves are made to catch light and have openings to allow

water and air to come and go. The outer surface of the leaf
has a waxy coating called a cuticle which protects the leaf.
Veins carry water and nutrients within the leaf.

Leaves are the site of food making process called

photosynthesis. In this process, carbon dioxide and
water in the presence of chlorophyll (the green
pigment) and light energy are changed into glucose (a
sugar). This energy rich sugar is the source of food
used by most plants.

Photosynthesis is special to green plants.

Photosynthesis supplies food for the plant and
oxygen for other forms of life.

Flowers not only look pretty, but in fact are important in

making seeds. Flowers have some basic parts. The female
part is the pistil (putik). The pistil usually is located in the
center of the flower and is made up of of 3 parts: the
stigma (stigma), style (stilus), and ovary (ovarium).
The stigma is the sticky knob at the top of the pistil. It is
attached to the long, tubelike structure called the style.
The style leads to the ovary which contains the female egg
cells called ovules (bakal biji).
See page 66 (See also : http://www.urbanext.uiuc.edu/gpe/case1/c1facts2d.html)

The male parts are called

stamen and usually surround
the pistil. The stamen is
made up of two parts: the
anther and filament.
The anther produces pollen
(male reproductive cells).
The filament holds the anther
up.
During the process of fertilization, pollen lands on the
stigma, a tube grows down the style and enters the ovary.
Male reproductive cells travel down the tube and join with
the ovule, fertilizing it. The fertilized ovule becomes the seed,
and the ovary becomes the fruit.

The fruit is the ripened ovary of a plant containing the seeds.

After fertilization, the ovary swells and becomes either fleshy
or hard and dry to protect the developing seeds. Many fruits
help seeds spread (maple seeds). Many things we call
vegetables are really fruits (tomato, cucumber, beans).
Every seed is a tiny plant (embryo) with leaves, stems, and
root parts waiting for the right things to happen to make it
germinate and grow. Seeds are protected by a coat. This coat
can be thin or thick and hard. Thin coats don't protect the
embryo well. But thick coats can let the embryo survive some
tough conditions.

The seed also contains a short-term food

supply called endosperm. This is found
in the plant's cotyledons. Plants with one
cotyledon (like corn) are called monocots
(a plant that has only one cotyledon.
Corn is an example).
If they have two cotyledons (like beans),
they are called dicots (a plant that has 2
cotyledon. Bean is an example).
Seeds are a plant's way of getting from
one area to another.
Cotyledon look like leaves and they are the first plant part you
see when a seedling pokes its head out of the ground.
Cotyledons help keep the new seedling fed until it can make its
own food.