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BENDING AND TORSION
Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

IIT Madras, SERC Madras, Anna Univ., INSDAG
BENDING AND TORSION
Introduction
Designing for torsion in practice
Pure torsion and warping
Combined bending and torsion
Design method for lateral torsional
buckling
Conclusion
INTRODUCTION
Torsional moments cause twisting and
warping of the cross sections.
When torsional rigidity (GJ) is very large
compared with its warping rigidity (E), the
section would effectively be in uniform torsion
and warping moment would be unlikely to be
significant.
The warping moment is developed only if
warping deformation is restrained.

Designing for Torsion in Practice

"Avoid Torsion - if you can "
The loads are usually applied in such a manner that their
resultant passes through the centroid in the case of
symmetrical sections and shear centre in the case of
unsymmetrical sections. Arrange connections suitably.
Where significant eccentricity of loading (which would
cause torsion) is unavoidable, alternative methods of
resisting torsion like design using box, tubular sections
or lattice box girders should be investigated
Pure Torsion and Warping

When a torque is applied only at the ends of a
member such that the ends are free to warp, then
the member would develop only pure torsion.
The total angle of twist ( ) over a length of z is
given by
Tq z
GJ
When a member is in non-uniform torsion, the rate

of change of angle of twist will vary along the length
of the member
Pure Torsion and Warping - 2
The warping shear stress (w) at a point is given by ,
E S wm s
w
t
Swms = Warping statical moment
The warping normal stress (w) due to bending moment
in-plane of flanges (bi-moment) is given by
w = E .Wnwfs . ''
where
Wnwfs = Normalised warping function
Combined Bending and Torsion

There is interaction between the torsional and
flexural effects, when a load produces both
bending and torsion
The angle of twist caused by torsion would be
amplified by bending moment, inducing
additional warping moments and torsional
shears.

Combined Bending and Torsion - 2
Maximum Stress Check or "Capacity check"

The maximum stress at the most highly stressed
cross section is limited to the design strength
(fy /m)
The "capacity check" for major axis bending

bx + byt +w fy /m.

Buckling Check
whenever lateral torsional buckling governs the
design (i.e. when pb is less than fy) the values of w
and byt will be amplified.
byt w
Mx
Mx
1 0.5
1
Mb
fy / m
Mb
M x, equivalent uniform moment = mx Mx
Mb , the buckling resistance moment =
ME M p
B B M E M p
2

10
Applied loading having both Major axis and Minor

axis moments
When the applied loading produces both major

axis and minor axis moments, the "capacity
checks" and the "buckling checks" are modified.
Capacity Check
bx + byt +w + by fy/m
11
Buckling Check
My
byt w
Mx
Mx
1 0.5
1
Mb
fy Zy / m
fy / m
Mb
where
M y my M y
byt M y / Z y
12
Torsional Shear Stress
Torsional shear stresses and warping shear stresses

should also be amplified in a similar manner
Mx
vt t w 1 0.5
M
b
This shear stress should be added to the shear

stresses due to bending in checking the adequacy
of the section.
13
Design method for lateral torsional

buckling
the basic theory of elastic lateral stability cannot
be directly used for the design purpose because
-the formulae for elastic critical moment ME are
too complex for routine use
-there are limitations to their extension in the
ultimate range

14
Design method for lateral torsional buckling - 2
A simple method of computing the buckling

resistance of beams is as follows:- the buckling resistance moment, Mb, is obtained
as the smaller root of the equation,
(ME - Mb) (Mp - Mb) = LT. ME Mb

where
Mb
ME M p
B B M E M p
2

15
Mp
M p LT 1 M E
2
fy . Zp / m
LT = Perry coefficient, similar to column

buckling coefficient
Zp = Plastic section modulus
16
In order to simplify the analysis, BS5950: Part 1

uses a curve, in which the bending strength of
the beam is expressed as a function of its
slenderness (LT )
- the buckling resistance moment Mb is given by
Mb= pb .Zp
where
pb = bending strength allowing for
lateral torsional buckling.
Zp = plastic section modulus.
susceptibility to

17
The beam slenderness (LT) is given by,
LT
E

LT
fy
2
where,
LT
Mp
ME

18
Beam fails by yield

300
200
pb
N/mm2
100
Beam buckling
0
50
100
150
200
250
LT
Fig 1. Bending strength for rolled sections of design

strength 275 N/mm2 according to BS 5950
19
Plastic yield
1.0
0.8
M / Mp
ME / MP
0.4
0
sto
cky
interm
ediate
0.4
0.8
slender
1.2
LT
MP
ME
Fig.2 Comparison of test data with theoretical elastic critical

moments
20
In Fig. 2 three distinct regions of behaviour can

be observed:- stocky beams which are able to attain the
plastic moment Mp, for values of LT below
about 0.4.
- slender beams which fail at moments close to
ME, for values of LT above about 1.2
- beams of intermediate slenderness which fail
to reach either Mp or ME . In this case 0.4 < LT
< 1.2
21
- Beams having short spans usually fail by

yielding
- Beams having long spans would fail by lateral
buckling
- Beams which are in the intermediate range
without lateral restraint, design must be based
on considerations of inelastic buckling

22
In the absence of instability, eqn. 11 may be

adopted for the full plastic moment capacity pb for
LT < 0.4 .
This corresponds to LT values of around 37 (for
steels having fy= 275 N/mm2) below which the lateral
instability is NOT of concern.

23
For more slender beams, pb is a function of LT which is

given by ,
LT
uv
ry
u is called the buckling parameter and x, the torsional

index.
Please refer paper for the expressions for buckling
parameter and the torsional index corresponding to
flanged sections symmetrical about the minor axis and
flanged sections symmetrical about the major axis.
24
Unequal flanged sections

For unequal flanged sections, the following
equation is used for finding the buckling moment
of resistance.
Mb= pb .Zp

25
Evaluation of differential equations

For a member subjected to concentrated torque
with torsion fixed and warping free condition at
the ends ( torque applied at varying values of L),
the values of and its differentials are given by
Tq
(1-)

26
For
0 z
sinh
Tq .a

z
z
a

cosh
sinh
1
GJ
a
a
a
tanh
sinh
Tq

z
a
cosh
cosh
1
GJ
a
a
tanh

27
For
0 z

sinh
Tq
a
GJa
tanh
a
Tq
G J a2
sinh
tanh
a

z
cosh sinh
a
a

z
cosh cosh
a
a
Similar equations are available for different loading cases

and for different values of .
28
CONCLUSION
A simple method of evaluating torsional effects
and to verify the adequacy of a chosen cross
section when subjected to torsional moments has
been discussed.

29
THANKYOU

30

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BENDING AND TORSION

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

BENDING AND TORSION

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Designing for Torsion in Practice

Pure Torsion and Warping

When a member is in non-uniform torsion, the rate

Pure Torsion and Warping - 2

The warping shear stress (w) at a point is given by ,

Combined Bending and Torsion

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Combined Bending and Torsion - 2

Maximum Stress Check or "Capacity check"

The "capacity check" for major axis bending

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Combined Bending and Torsion - 3

M x, equivalent uniform moment = mx Mx

Mb , the buckling resistance moment =

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Combined Bending and Torsion - 4

Applied loading having both Major axis and Minor

When the applied loading produces both major

Combined Bending and Torsion - 5

Combined Bending and Torsion - 6

Torsional Shear Stress

Torsional shear stresses and warping shear stresses

This shear stress should be added to the shear

Design method for lateral torsional

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Design method for lateral torsional buckling - 2

A simple method of computing the buckling

(ME - Mb) (Mp - Mb) = LT. ME Mb

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Design method for lateral torsional buckling - 3

LT = Perry coefficient, similar to column

Design method for lateral torsional buckling - 4

In order to simplify the analysis, BS5950: Part 1

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Design method for lateral torsional buckling - 5

The beam slenderness (LT) is given by,

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Design method for lateral torsional buckling - 6

Beam fails by yield

Fig 1. Bending strength for rolled sections of design

Design method for lateral torsional buckling - 7

Fig.2 Comparison of test data with theoretical elastic critical

Design method for lateral torsional buckling - 8

In Fig. 2 three distinct regions of behaviour can

Design method for lateral torsional buckling - 9

- Beams having short spans usually fail by

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Design method for lateral torsional buckling - 10

In the absence of instability, eqn. 11 may be

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Design method for lateral torsional buckling - 11

For more slender beams, pb is a function of LT which is

u is called the buckling parameter and x, the torsional

Design method for lateral torsional buckling - 12

Unequal flanged sections

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Design method for lateral torsional buckling - 13

Evaluation of differential equations

Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures