ABAP100 OOP en

ABAP 100
Object-Oriented Programming with SAP NetWeaver
msg systems ag, 15.01.2013
ABAP Programming
Level 1
Level 1
SAP Basics Day
ABAP 010
3 Days
Basics of
SAP Web AS
ABAP Workbench
basics and
concepts
Level 3
ABAP030
2 Days
ABAP Dictionary
ABAP 100
3 Days
ABAP Objects
Object Oriented
Programming
with SAP NetWeaver
ABAP110
2 Days
Development of
user dialogs
ABAP111 1 Days
Table Controls &
ALV Grids
Agenda
1. Objectives and Introduction

2. Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming
3. Analysis and Design
4. Fundamentals of Object-Oriented Programming
5. Inheritance
6. Casting
7. Interfaces
8. Events
9. Global Classes and Interfaces
10. Programming Techniques
11. Exception Handling
12. Dynamic Programming

ABAP Objects Level 3
ABAP Objects
Advanced Business Application Programming
for
Object-Oriented Programming
A new Concept in application programming, which started imposing itself

around the middle of 90
With the introduction of the Release 4.6 the SAP changed the name of the
language from ABAP/4 in ABAP Objects

Course Objectives
This course provides knowledge to:
the concepts of object-oriented programming
the development of Business Applications using ABAP

Objects

Course Learning Objectives
You will acquire knowledge to:
describe and apply the most important concepts:

classes / inheritance / interfaces
polymorphism with inheritance and interfaces

Events
Exception handling
write programs using ABAP Objects.

Overview
A travel agency maintains business connections to business partners

Airlines
Rental companies
Hotels
????
Procedural Programming
Goals of the Programming Language ABAP Objects

History of Selected Programming Languages
Machine language
1950
Assembler
1952
1954
Fortran
1956
Cobol
1958
LISP
Algol 60
1960
APL
Basic
1962
PL1
1964
1966 Prolog
Simula 67 Algol 68
Logo
1968
BCPL
1970
Smalltalk
Pascal
1972
1974
C
1976
APL2
1978 FP1
Modula-2
1980
Smalltalk-80
Ada
1982
1984
ABAP
Object Pascal
1986 Miranda
C++
1988
Modula-3
Eiffel
Oberon
1990
1992
Eiffel-3
Oberon-2
1994
Java
Ada-95
1995
1996
1997
ABAP Objects
1998
10
11
2. Introduction Procedural Programming

Characteristics of Procedural Programming
Daten
Daten
Separation of data and functions
Direct access to data is possible
Daten
Daten
Daten
Funktion
Funktion
Funktion
12
Funktion
Funktion
Funktion
Funktion
Funktion

Typical Procedural ABAP Program
REPORT zabap_demo
* -----------------
Data declarations
Main program
TYPES: ...
DATA: ...
...
Subroutine calls
PERFORM f1 ...
Function module calls
CALL FUNCTION ...

...
Definition of subroutines
* ----------------FORM f1 ...
...
ENDFORM.
13

Encapsulating Data Using Function Groups
Main program
Global data objects
Function groups
Global data
Function group 1
Function module 1
Function module 2
Function module ...
Global data
Function group 2
Subroutines
Interface
Interface
14
Function module 1
Function module 2

Example: Function Group Counter Definition
FUNCTION-POOL counter.
DATA: count TYPE I.
FUNCTION SET_COUNTER.
* Local interface IMPORTING VALUE(set_value)
count = set_value
ENDFUNCTION.
FUNCTION INCREMENT_COUNTER.
ADD 1 TO count.
ENDFUNCTION.
FUNCTION GET_COUNTER.
* Local interface EXPORTING VALUE(get_value)
get_value = count.
ENDFUNCTION.
15

Example: Function Group Counter Usage
DATA: number TYPE I VALUE 3.
CALL FUNCTION 'SET_COUNTER'

EXPORTING set_value = number.
DO 4 TIMES.
CALL FUNCTION 'INCREMENT_COUNTER'.
ENDDO.
CALL FUNCTION 'GET_COUNTER'

IMPORTING get_value = number.
WRITE: ..., number, ...
16

Several Counters
1 counter
any number of counters
Function group COUNTER

SET_COUNTER
INCREMENT_COUNTER
Not possible with function

groups, without additional
effort!
COUNTER
GET_COUNTER
17

Instantiation in object-oriented languages
n. Instance, Class 1
1. Instance, Class 1
SchnittDatea
stelle
Interface Data
n. Instance, Class m
1. Instance, Class m
SchnittDatea
stelle
Interface Data
ABAP Program with Data
Several instances
(Objects)
of the same Blueprint
(Type or better Class)
are a fundamental
property of objectoriented languages.
Internal session of an ABAP program
External Session
18
19
2. Introduction Object-Oriented Programming
Real world
Data and functions
Encapsulation of data
and functions
Functions
Data
Data
Data
Daten
Functions
Functions
Data
Data
Kran
Functions
Daten
Functions
Functions
Functions
Functions
Functions
Functions
Functions
Functions Functions
Functions
Functions
Daten
Functions
Functions
20

Characteristics of the Object-Oriented approach
Real world
Objects are a direct abstraction of the real

world.
Processes can be implemented realistically.
Objects are units made up of data and the

functions belonging to that data.
Improved software structure and consistency

in the development process.
Reduced maintenance effort.
Integration of the customer/user into the

analysis, design, and maintenance process.
Kran
21

Additional Concepts of the Object-Oriented Programming Model
Encapsulation of data and functions

(Hiding the implementation details)
Functions
Data
Functions
Father
Inheritance
Child 1
Child 2
Code 2
Polymorphism for support of generic

programming
display_data
Code 1
Code 3
Code 4
22
Event controlling

Encapsulation of data and functions
Telephone
Telephone
myNumber
doCall
register
doCall
beCalled
myNumber
23
beCalled
register

Inheritance
Telephone
24
OfficePhone
CellPhone
myNumber
myContacts
mySMS
register
addContact
sendSMS
doCall
callContact
getSMS
beCalled
deleteContact

Polymorphism for support of generic programming
beCalled
beCalled
beCalled
MP3
25

Event controlling
msg
register_me
Phone
Center
26

Client/server behavior
Objects behave towards each other just liker client/server

systems.
Every object can essentially fulfill either role.
Responsibilities must be specified between the objects.
Methods
Data
call_it
Client
27
CALL METHOD server->do_it
Methods
do_it
Data
Server

Compatibility and design goals
* ABAP Objects Program
DATA: counter TYPE i,

wa TYPE kna1.
...
CLASS lcl_car DEFINITION.

...
ENDCLASS.
*--- main program --------CREATE OBJECT ...
counter = counter + 1.
MOVE wa TO ...
28
Compatibility:
ABAP Objects is a compatible

extension of ABAP
ABAP Objects statements can be

used in procedural ABAP
programs
Objects (classes) contain, among

other, classical ABAP statements
Design goals:
As simple as possible
only object-oriented concepts that

have proved useful
Increased use of type checks

ABAP Main Memory and Encapsulation
Internal session
Global data objects
Modularization units
Modularization units for

encapsulating functions
Working with global data of

the main program
Internal session
Global data objects

Functions
Data
Data and business logic

are encapsulated in
objects
Functions
Data
29

The Software Development Process
Requirement,
Idea
Test
Mentioned in the course!
Iteration
Analysis and
Design
30
Implementation
(ABAP Objects)

Summary
You should now be able to:

explain the differences between procedural and objectoriented programming models
explain the goals of the programming language ABAP
Objects
31
32
Classification of Objects
UML the Modeling Standard
Class diagrams
Sequence diagrams
3. Analysis and Design Classification

Class creation / modeling
Excerpt of the
real world
lcl_vehicle
33
lcl_people

Classes as Abstraction Forms
Scrap-merchant
Car enthusiast
Price
price
Make
make
lcl_vehicle
- set
Configuration Model
configuration
- ...
- price
- configuration
Color
color
Weight
weight
Doors
model
- make
doors
Wheels
wheels
PS
lcl_vehicle
Scrap value
scrapvalue
- ...
- weight
- scrapvalue
HP
34

Classes and Objects
Class:
General description of
object (blueprint)
Specifies status data

(attributes) and behavior
(methods)
lcl_vehicle
lcl_vehicle
or
Object (Instance):
Representation of section
of the real world
Concrete instance of a
class
(5) lcl_vehicle
35
or
36
Classification of Objects
UML the Modeling Standard
Class diagrams
Sequence diagrams
3. Analysis and Design Modeling in UML
UML stands for Unified Modeling Language
is a worldwide standard
it is a language used for the specification, construction,
visualization, and documentation of models for software systems
Diagram types:
Class diagrams
Behavior diagrams, e.g. the Sequence diagram
Component diagrams
Deployment diagrams
...
37

Class diagram in UML notation
lcl_vehicle
Class name
38
Attributes
(Properties)
make
model
.....
price
color
Methods
(Functions)
set_make()
display_attributes()
increases_speed()
Optional,
does not have
Assoziationsme
to be specified
Events +
Handlers

Example of a Class Diagram
lcl_rental
0..*
lcl_booking
0..* 1
lcl_customer
1..*
lcl_vehicle
lcl_car
39
lcl_truck
1..*
lcl_wheel
lcl_bus

Association
A customer can
rent any amount of
cars
lcl_booking
A booking refers
to a single
customer
0..*
books
Common cardinalities
* or 0..*
1
1..*
0..1
40
lcl_customer
Description of the
association
any amount
exactly one
at least one
no more than one
3. Analysis and Design Modelling with UML

Aggregation und Composition
Aggregation Symbol
Aggregation is a special
case of association,
a whole-part relationship.
1..1
lcl_vehicle
Composition is a special
case of aggregation, an
existence-dependent
a whole-part relationship.
lcl_wheel
Composition Symbol
1..1
lcl_vehicle
41
0..*
1..*
lcl_booking

Generalization and Specialization
lcl_car
lcl_truck
Generalization
Arrow for Inheritance
Specialization
lcl_vehicle
lcl_vehicle
lcl_car
42
lcl_truck
Generalization
Specialization
or

Sequence diagram: Example
Object
:Class
Create Object
Time
Process
description
(optional)
Object
:Class
1:Method(parameter)
Lifeline
of the object
Return value
Control focus
43

Sequence diagram : Delegation
:lcl_driver
:lcl_car
:lcl_tank
1: get_fuel_level( )
2: get_fuel_level( )
re_level
re_level
re_level =
tank->get_fuel_level( ).
44
re_level =
fuel / fuel_max * 100.
3. Analysis and Design Summary
You should now be able to

name the most important diagram types in UML
create class diagrams
create sequence diagrams
45
Exercise
HOURS
MIN
Exercise
Analysis and Design
UML Class Diagrams
46
47
Classes, Attributes and Methods

Objects, Instances of Classes
Visibility / Encapsulation
Constructor
Other fundamental elements
4. Fundamentals of Object Oriented Programming

Example of a Class
lcl_vehicle
Public
components
get_make()
Public access:
Methods
Events
set_make()
Private
components
make
model
Private Access:
Data types
Attributes
Methods:
Implementation
48

Defining Classes
ABAP-Coding
CLASS lcl_periode DEFINITION.
ENDCLASS.
lcl_vehicle
Public
Components
Private
Components
CLASS lcl_periode IMPLEMENTATION.

Method
Implementation
ENDCLASS.
49

Attributes
Attribute can have

any data type:
(5) lcl_car
C, N, I, P, ..., STRING
dictionary types
Public
self defined types

TYPE REF TO
defines a reference
to an object, here r_car
Private
make TYPE STRING,
...
r_motor
TYPE REF TO ...
(5) lcl_rental
r_car
50

Attributes, Types and Constants: Syntax
CLASS <Class_name> DEFINITION.
...
TYPES: <normal type_definition>.

CONSTANTS: mc_constant TYPE <Type> VALUE <Value>.
DATA: mv_var1
ms_var2
mv_var3
mv_var4
mv_var5
mo_var6
mo_var7
TYPE
TYPE
LIKE
TYPE
TYPE
TYPE
TYPE
<Type>,
<DDIC-Type>,
mv_var1,
<Type> VALUE <value>,
<Type> READ-ONLY,
REF TO <Class>,
REF TO <Interface>.
CLASS-DATA: mv_only_once TYPE ... .
ENDCLASS.
51

Attributes and Visibility
CLASS lcl_vehicle DEFINITION.
Public attributes
generally visible
and changeable
direct access
Private attributes
only visible and
changeable within the
class
no direct access from

outside
PUBLIC SECTION.
DATA: make TYPE string.
PRIVATE SECTION.
ENDCLASS.

PUBLIC SECTION.
...
PRIVATE SECTION.
DATA: make TYPE string.
ENDCLASS.
52

Accessing Private Attributes
Client
(5) lcl_vehicle
Public
Private
make
r_vehicle
53
set_make()
get_make()

Instance attributes and static attributes
Instance attributes
exist per instance

PUBLIC SECTION.
...
Defined with DATA
PRIVATE SECTION.
DATA: make TYPE string,
...
54
Static attributes
exist per class
Defined with CLASS-DATA
are also defined as class

attributes
CLASS-DATA: n_o_vehicles TYPE i.

ENDCLASS.

Instance attributes and static attributes
Internal session
Global data objects
n_o_vehicles
Static attributes
exist only once
Static attribute
(1) lcl_vehicle
r_vehicle1
(2) lcl_vehicle
Instances /
objects
r_vehicle2
(3) lcl_vehicle
r_vehicle3
...
55
...

Methods: Syntax
CLASS <Class_name> DEFINITION.

...
METHODS:
<Method_name>
IMPORTING <im_par> TYPE <Type>
EXPORTING <ex_par> TYPE <Type>
CHANGING <ch_ar> TYPE <Type>
RETURNING value(<re_par>) TYPE <Type>
EXCEPTIONS <Exceptions (not class based)>
RAISING
<class based exceptions>.
ENDCLASS.
CLASS <Class_name> IMPLEMENTATION.
METHOD <Method_name>.
...
ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.
56
Methods can
have a signature
The method
implementation governs
the behavior of the
objects .

Accessing Private Methods
Client
(5) lcl_vehicle
Public
Private
make
...
r_vehicle
57
...
set_make()
init_make()

Methods and Visibility
Public methods
can generally be called
Private methods
can only be called
within the class
58

PUBLIC SECTION.
METHODS: set_make
IMPORTING im_make TYPE string.
PRIVATE SECTION.
METHODS: init_make.
DATA:
make TYPE string.
ENDCLASS.
CLASS lcl_vehicle IMPLEMENTATION.
METHOD init_make.
make = 'No make'.
ENDMETHOD.
METHOD set_make.
IF im_make IS INITIAL.
init_make( )
ELSE.
make = im_make.
ENDIF.
ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.

Instance methods and static methods
Rules
Instance methods
access to static but also instance components is possible in
their implementation
can be invoked through an instance
Static method
can use only static components in their implementation
are addressed with their class name
59

Instance- and static methods: Example
PUBLIC SECTION.
METHODS:
set_make IMPORTING im_make TYPE string.
CLASS-METHODS: get_count EXPORTING ex_count TYPE i.
PRIVATE SECTION.
DATA:
make TYPE.
CLASS-DATA: n_o_count TYPE i.
ENDCLASS.
...
METHOD get_count.
ex_count = n_o_count.
ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.
60

Summary and UML Notation
lcl_vehicle
- make:string
- model:string
- n_o_vehicles:i
indicates public components
indicates private components
static components are underlined
+ set_make(im_make:string)
- init_make()
+ get_count():i

PUBLIC SECTION.
METHODS:
set_make IMPORTING im_make TYPE string.
CLASS-METHODS: get_count EXPORTING ex_count TYPE i.
PRIVATE SECTION.
DATA:
make TYPE.
CLASS-DATA: n_o_count TYPE i.
ENDCLASS.
61
Exercise
HOURS
MIN
Exercise
OOP Fundamentals
Creating a class
62
63

The Constructor

Creating objects
Rules
Objects are created with the statement

CREATE OBJECT.
They can only be created and addressed using

reference variables
lcl_vehicle
-
make
model
ser_no
n_o_vehicles
+ set_make()
- init_make()
+ get_count()
64
(5) lcl_vehicle
CREATE OBJECT r_vehicle
Public
Private
set_make
get_count
make
modell
ser_no
...
r_vehicle

Definition of Reference Variables
...
PUBLIC SECTION.
...
PRIVATE SECTION.
...
ENDCLASS.

...
ENDCLASS.
DATA: r_vehicle1 TYPE REF TO lcl_vehicle,

r_vehicle2 TYPE REF TO lcl_vehicle.
What do these
reference variables
point to?
r_vehicle1
r_vehicle2
START-OF_SELECTION.
...
65
?
?

Creating Objects
START-OF-SELECTION.
CREATE OBJECT r_vehicle1.
(3) lcl_vehicle
Public
Private
r_vehicle1
r_vehicle2
(4) lcl_vehicle
Public
66
Private

Garbage Collector
START-OF-SELECTION.
(3) lcl_vehicle
Public
Private
r_vehicle2 = r_vehicle2.
r_vehicle1
r_vehicle2
(4) lcl_vehicle
Public
67
Private

Garbage Collector: Approach
All independent references from the global memory are checked. The
references point to 'living' objects, that are marked internally.
The references from class- and instance attributes to further objects are
tracked. These objects are also marked.
Unmarked objects are removed from the main memory.
(4) lcl_object
CLEAR r_object
(2) lcl_object
(5) lcl_object
68

Reference Buffering
DATA: r_vehicle TYPE REF TO lcl_vehicle,
itab TYPE TABLE OF REF TO lcl_vehicle.
CREATE OBJECT r_vehicle.
APPEND r_vehicle TO itab.

APPEND r_vehicle TO itab.
(2) lcl_object
(3) lcl_object
LOOP AT itab INTO r_vehicle.

" work with the current instance
ENDLOOP.
...
69

Aggregation Example
(5) lcl_vehicle
Public
(2) lcl_wheel
Private
(3) lcl_wheel
itab_wheels
(4) lcl_wheel
(5) lcl_wheel
70
Exercise
HOURS
MIN
Exercise
OOP Fundamentals
Object instantiation
71
72

The Constructor

Calling Methods
Client
(5) lcl_vehicle
r_vehicle
r_vehicle->motor_on( )
Reference
Public
Private
motor_on()
Method
Object component selector
73

EXPORTING and IMPORTING
When creating a method:

Main program
Method
IMPORTING
im_distance
ex_fuel
EXPORTING
Received values
Returned values
74
IMPORTING
EXPORTING

EXPORTING and IMPORTING
When creating a method:

Main program
EXPORTING
CALL METHOD
EXPORTING
im_distance = 500
IMPORTING
ex_fuel = lv_fuel.
IMPORTING
Method
IMPORTING
im_distance
ex_fuel
EXPORTING
EXPORTING in the IMPORTING parameter

IMPORTING in the EXPORTING parameter
75

Calling Instance Methods: Syntax
Instance methods:
->
CALL METHOD <InstRef>-><InstMethod>
EXPORTING <InpParam>
= <Value>
IMPORTING <ExpParam>
= <Variable>
CHANGING
<ChgParam>
= <Variable>
RECEIVING <ReturnVal> = <Variable>
EXCEPTIONS <Exception> = <Nr>.
<InstRef>-><InstMethod>(
<Parameter> )
->
Shorter syntax:
(see online documentation)
No space before opening bracket
SPACE!
DATA: r_vehicle TYPE REF TO lcl_vehicle.
DATA: make_name TYPE string.
...
make_name = `the make of the car`.
CALL METHOD r_vehicle->set_make EXPORTING im_make = make_name.
* as of NW 6.1 keyword EXPORTING can be left out
r_vehicle->set_make
r_vehicle->set_make( make_name )
* now getting something back from method...
r_vehicle->get_make( IMPORTING ex_make = make_name ).
r_vehicle->get_make
76

Calling Static Methods: Syntax
Static methods:
=>
CALL METHOD <KlassenName>=><KlassenMethode>(
[Parameter] )
<KlassenName>=><KlassenMethode>(
[Parameter] )
=>

DATA: make_name TYPE string,
count
TYPE i.
...
* get_count has one interface-parameter re_count

CALL METHOD lcl_vehicle=>get_count(
lcl_vehicle=>get_count IMPORTING re_count = count ).
* other variant, since 6.1 available, see documentation
lcl_vehicle=>get_count( IMPORTING re_count = count ).
lcl_vehicle=>get_count
77

Functional Methods
Example
a = b +
Functional Method
Definition:
Precisely one RETURNING parameter
Otherwise, only IMPORTING parameters and exceptions are
possible
Call:
a) RECEIVING-Parameter, or ...
b) ... implicit calls possible in various expressions:
MOVE, CASE, LOOP
logical expressions (IF, ELSEIF, WHILE, CHECK, WAIT)
arithmetic and bit expressions (COMPUTE)
see example a = b + c
78

Functional Methods: Example
PUBLIC SECTION.
METHODS: get_average_fuel
IMPORTING im_distance TYPE s_distance,
im_fuel
TYPE ty_fuel
) TYPE ty_fuel,
RETURNING value(
value(re_fuel)
ENDCLASS.
r_vehicle2 TYPE REF TO lcl_vehicle,
avg_fuel TYPE ty_fuel.
...
* example for short syntax in aritmeth. operation

avg_fuel =
r_vehicle1->get_average_fuel( im_distance = 500 im_fuel = 50 )
+ r_vehicle2->get_average_fuel( im_distance = 600 im_fuel = 60 ).
79

Non-class-based exceptions: Example
CLASS lcl_plane DEFINITION.
PUBLIC SECTION.
METHODS: get_tank_capacity
RETURNING value(rv_tankcap) TYPE saplane-tankcap
EXCEPTIONS unknown_tank_capacity
unknown_tank_capacity.
PRIVATE SECTION.
DATA: mv_planetype TYPE saplane-planetype.
ENDCLASS.
RAISE unknown_tank_capacity.
DATA: lo_plane
TYPE REF TO lcl_plane,
lv_tankcap TYPE saplane-tankcap.
* usage of non-class-based exceptions
lo_plane->get_tank_capacity( RECEIVING rv_tankcap = lv_tankcap
EXCEPTIONS unknown_tank_capacity = 1
= 2 ).
OTHERS
IF sy-subrc EQ 0.
"Normal operation.
ELSE.
"Exception handling.
ENDIF.
80

External Access to Public Attributes
PUBLIC SECTION.
DATA: make TYPE string READ-ONLY.
CLASS-DATA: n_o_vehicles TYPE i READ-ONLY.
"just a demo
"just a demo
...
ENDCLASS.
...
(2) lcl_vehicle

DATA: make_name TYPE
string,
count
TYPE
i.
make
...
START-OF-SELECTION.
*--------------------------------------* main program, think of a client !
r_vehicle
make_name = r_vehicle->make
r_vehicle->make.
count
= lcl_vehicle=>n_o_vehicles
lcl_vehicle=>n_o_vehicles.
81
"only if public attr.

"only if public attr.
Exercise
HOURS
MIN
Exercise
Fundamentals of OOP
Method Calls
82
83

Constructor

Constructor
Special method for creating

objects with a defined initial state
Can only have IMPORTING

parameter and EXCEPTIONS
In each class there exists one

defined constructor
(explicit or implicit)
Will be invoked only once per

instance
lcl_vehicle
- make
- model
- n_o_vehicles
+ constructor()
CREATE OBJECT
METHODS:
constructor
IMPORTING <InpParam>
EXCEPTIONS <Exception>
RAISING
<class-based exceptions>.
84
(3) lcl_vehicle
Public
Private

Constructor: Example
PUBLIC SECTION.
METHODS constructor IMPORTING im_make
TYPE string
im_modell TYPE string.
PRIVATE SECTION.
DATA: make TYPE string, weight TYPE p.
CLASS-DATA n_o_vehicles TYPE i.
ENDCLASS.
constructor
METHOD constructor.
make
= im_make.
modell = im_modell.
ADD 1 TO n_o_vehicles.
ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.
Automatic call of constructor
DATA r_vehicle TYPE REF TO lcl_vehicles.

...
EXPORTING im_make
= 'Ferrari'
im_modell = 'F40'.
85
Call from the

main program

Overview: Static Constructor
PUBLIC SECTION.
CLASS-METHODS: class_constructor.
class_constructor
PRIVATE SECTION.
CLASS-DATA: n_o_vehicles TYPE I.

ENDCLASS.
METHOD class_constructor
class_constructor.
...
ENDMETHOD. ...
ENDCLASS.
Special static method

Call when the class is accessed
for the first time during that
program run
Will be called only once per

program
Implicit constructor call BEFORE

actual processing

.
r_vehicle.
lcl_vehicle=>n_o_vehicles.
counter = lcl_vehicle=>
n_o_vehicles.
"if attribute is public
lcl_vehicle=>get_count( IMPORTING re_count = counter ).
86
Exercise
HOURS
MIN
Exercise
Fundamentals of OOP
Constructor
87
88

Constructor

Namespace inside a class
Same namespace for
89
attributes
methods
events
types
constants
ALIAS names
lcl_vehicle
Public
components
Method
make
STOP
Private
components
Attribute
make
Method
implementation
Inside the body of methods

there exists a local
namespace.

The Reference Variable me
PUBLIC SECTION.
METHODS constructor
IMPORTING im_make
TYPE string
im_modell TYPE string.
PRIVATE SECTION.
DATA make TYPE string. ...
ENDCLASS.
METHOD constructor.
DATA make TYPE string VALUE 'Benz'.
CONCATENATE im_make make
me->make
INTO me->make.
ENDMETHOD.
lcl_vehicle
Public
components
Private
components
Attribute
mv_make
Method
implementation
me->make
me->mv_make
METHOD meth.
" inside class prefix 'me->' is not
" necessary for calling methods.
display_attributes( ).
ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.
90

Summary

define classes
generate objects
call methods
explain the function of the Garbage Collector
91
Exercise
HOURS
MIN
Exercise
Fundamentals of OOP
Calling a private method
92
5. Inheritance
93
Generalization / Specialization of classes
5. Inheritance
UML Example
lcl_vehicle
-
make
model
ser_no
color
n_o_vehicles
+ constructor()
+ display_attributes()
+ get_count()
is a
relationship
lcl_car
94
lcl_truck
lcl_bus
- car_type
- max_seats
- acceleration
- max_cargo
- n_o_tanks
- n_o_wheels
- max_passengers
- lavatory
- television
+
+ get_type()
+
+ get_cargo()
+
+ get_passengers()
5. Inheritance
Multiple Inheritance?
lcl_super1
Generalization
lcl_super2
STOP
lcl_sub1
95
lcl_sub2
lcl_sub3
Specialization
no
multiple inheritance!
5. Inheritance
Relationships between Super- and Subclasses
Common components are available only

once in superclass
lcl_super
New components in superclass are available

automatically in subclass
Scope of the new coding is reduced
(Programming by Difference)
Subclasses strongly coupled

to superclasses
new
components
96
Inherited
components
White Box Reuse:

Subclass must have detailed knowledge of
the implementation in its superclass.
lcl_sub
5. Inheritance
Syntax
PUBLIC SECTION.
METHODS: estimate_fuel
IMPORTING im_distance
TYPE s_distance
RETURNING value(re_fuel) TYPE ty_fuel.
PRIVATE SECTION.
DATA: make TYPE string,
...
ENDCLASS.
CLASS lcl_truck DEFINITION

INHERITING FROM lcl_vehicle.
PUBLIC SECTION.
METHODS: get_cargo RETURNING VALUE(re_cargo) TYPE ty_cargo.
PRIVATE SECTION.
DATA: max_cargo TYPE ty_cargo.
...
ENDCLASS.
97
5. Inheritance
Redefining Methods

PUBLIC SECTION.
METHODS: estimate_fuel
IMPORTING im_distance
TYPE ty_distance
RETURNING value(re_fuel) TYPE ty_fuel.
ENDCLASS.
CLASS lcl_truck DEFINITION INHERITING FROM lcl_vehicle.
PUBLIC SECTION.
METHODS estimate_fuel REDEFINITION
REDEFINITION.
...
Signature must be
ENDCLASS.
retained!
CLASS lcl_truck IMPLEMENTATION.
METHOD estimate_fuel.
estimate_fuel
...
super
super->estimate_fuel(...)
ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.
98
STOP
New implementation of
the inherited method
Refers to the superclass
component
5. Inheritance
Inheritance and Redefinition of the constructor
PUBLIC SECTION.
METHODS: constructor IMPORTING
im_make TYPE string
string.
ENDCLASS.

METHOD constructor.
make = im_make.
ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.
CLASS lcl_truck DEFINITION INHERITING FROM lcl_vehicle.

PUBLIC SECTION.
METHODS: constructor IMPORTING im_make TYPE string
ty_cargo
im_cargo TYPE ty_cargo.
PRIVATE SECTION.
DATA: max_cargo TYPE ty_cargo.
Signature may be
ENDCLASS.
changed!
CLASS lcl_truck IMPLEMENTATION.
METHOD constructor.
CALL METHOD super->constructor(
super->constructor im_make = im_make ).
max_cargo = im_cargo.
ENDMETHOD.
Call constructor of
ENDCLASS.
immediate superclass!
99
5. Inheritance
Rules for Calling the Constructor
DATA: r_2 TYPE REF TO lcl_2,
r_3 TYPE REF TO lcl_3.
lcl_1
a1:I
CREATE OBJECT r_2 EXPORTING im_1 = 100.
constructor( im_1:i )
CREATE OBJECT r_3 EXPORTING im_1 = 100

im_2 = 1000.
lcl_2
Case 1
has constructor
Class of instance to be created has
supply its parameters.
Case 2
has no
no
Class of instance to be created has
constructor
Search in the inheritance tree for the next
highest superclass with a constructor and
supply its parameters.
100
lcl_3
a2:I
constructor( im_1:i
im_2:i )
5. Inheritance
Inheritance and Visibility
Public components
101
visible within the class and

within all subclasses
Private components
PUBLIC SECTION.
...
direct access
Protected components
generally visible
only visible within the class

no access from outside or
from the subclasses
SECTION.
PROTECTED SECTION
DATA tank TYPE REF TO lcl_tank.
PRIVATE SECTION.
DATA make TYPE string.
ENDCLASS.
lcl_vehicle
- make
- model
# tank
+ public
# protected
- private
+ constructor() static
+ get_count()
5. Inheritance
Visibility of Protected Components
Addressable
for all clients
from the outside!
(5) lcl_bus
Public
Private
Geerbt
get_make()
set_make()
get_count()
estimate_fuel()
Protected
Inherited
tank
Addressable
only inside the class
102
5. Inheritance
Rules for Redefinition of Methods
Inherited methods can be redefined in subclasses.

Redefined methods must be newly implemented in subclasses
The signature of redefined methods cannot be changed
Static methods cannot be redefined
Static components will be distributed by inheritance: A class can be

divided into its non-private static attributes with all its subclasses
lcl_vehicle
+ estimate_fuel()
lcl_car
+ estimate_fuel()
lcl_truck
+ estimate_fuel()
lcl_bus
+ estimate_fuel()
The method will be implemented in different ways!

103
5. Inheritance
Redefinition for Methods: Example
lcl_bus
- max_passengers
- max_cargo
+ constructor()
+ estimate_fuel()
+ constructor()
+ estimate_fuel()
DATA: weight ...
weight = empty_load
average_weight.
+ max_passengers * average_weight
re_fuel = weight * im_distance
* factor.
ENDMETHOD.
104
lcl_truck
DATA: weight ...
weight = empty_load + max_cargo
max_cargo.
re_fuel = weight * im_distance
* factor.
ENDMETHOD.
5. Inheritance Summary

define an inheritance relation between classes
redefine methods
105
Exercise
HOURS
MIN
Exercise
Inheritance
Class Hierarchies
106
6. Casting
107
Upcast
Downcast
Inheritance and Polymorphism
6. Casting
Types of Casts
lcl_vehicle
-
Upcast
lcl_car
108
make
model
ser_no
color
n_o_vehicles
+ constructor()
+ get_count()
lcl_truck
Downcast
lcl_bus
- car_type
- max_seats
- acceleration
- max_cargo
- n_o_tanks
- n_o_wheels
- max_passengers
- lavatory
- television
+
+ get_type()
+
+ get_cargo()
+
+ get_passengers()
6. Casting
Upcast Principle
r_truck
TYPE REF TO lcl_truck.
CREATE OBJECT r_truck.
(5) lcl_truck
Public
r_truck
r_vehicle
Inherited
Geerbt
get_make()
get_count()
Redefined
Redefiniert
* Upcast
r_vehicle = r_truck.
r_truck
r_vehicle
109
set_attributes()
estimate_fuel()
get_cargo()
6. Casting
Compatibility und Upcast
An instance of a subclass can be expected in any context, in which the instance

of a superclass can be used
Inherited components are addressable from the superclass
Generic access of the client!
DATA: r_vehicle
r_truck
level
TYPE REF TO lcl_vehicle,

TYPE REF TO lcl_truck,
TYPE
ty_level.
* Access via the subclass

level = r_truck->estimate_fuel(
1000 ).
->
* Upcast
r_vehicle = r_truck.
* Access via the superclass
level = r_vehicle->estimate_fuel(
1000 ).
r_vehicle
110
6. Casting
Generic Access?
Client
1
1..*
lcl_rental
(1) lcl_rental
Public
(1) lcl_car
lcl_vehicles
lcl_truck
lcl_bus
Private
itab
(4) lcl_bus
(5) lcl_truck
(2) lcl_car
111
6. Casting
Preparation for Generic Access (1)
Client
(2) lcl_bus
(1) lcl_rental
Public
Private
vehicle_list
(3) lcl_truck
add_vehicle()
(4) lcl_car
Up Cast when
handing over!
...
METHODS: add_vehicle
IMPORTING
im_vehicle TYPE REF TO lcl_vehicle.
...
112
(5) lcl_car
6. Casting
Preparation for Generic Access(2)
CLASS lcl_rental IMPLEMENTATION.

METHOD add_vehicle.
APPEND im_vehicle TO vehicle_list.
ENDMETHOD.
(2) lcl_bus
vehicle_list
METHOD calc_estimated_fuel.
DATA:
r_vehicle TYPE REF TO lcl_vehicle.
re_fuel = 0.
LOOP AT vehicle_list
INTO r_vehicle.
re_fuel = re_fuel
+ r_vehicle->estimate_fuel(
im_distance ).
ENDLOOP.
ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.
113
(3) lcl_bus
lcl_bus
estimate_fuel()
(4) lcl_truck
(5) lcl_truck
lcl_truck
estimate_fuel()
6. Casting
Polymorphism Generic Access
METHOD calc_estimated_fuel.
LOOP AT vehicle_list INTO r_vehicle.
ADD r_vehicle->estimate_fuel
r_vehicle->estimate_fuel( im_distance ) TO re_fuel.
ENDLOOP.
ENDMETHOD.
(5) lcl_truck
Public
Inherited/ redefined
estimate_fuel()
vehicle_list
(2) lcl_bus
Public
Inherited / redefined
estimate_fuel()
114
METHOD estimate_fuel
estimate_fuel.
total_weight = max_cargo + weight.
re_fuel = total_weight
* im_distance * factor.
ENDMETHOD.
METHOD estimate_fuel
estimate_fuel.
total_weight = max_passengers
* average_weight + weight.
re_fuel = total_weight
* im_distance * factor.
ENDMETHOD.
6. Casting
Static and dynamic Type of a Reference
Static Type of a reference variable
DATA: r_vehicle TYPE

REF TO lcl_vehicle.
is defined using TYPE REF TO

remains the same through the program flow
defines which attributes and methods can be
addressed
Dynamic Type of a reference variable
(5) lcl_truck
Public
IInherited /
redefinied
estimate_fuel()
is determined by the assignment

can change during the program run
Private
estimate_fuel()
defines which implementations are carried out

for inherited methods
(2) lcl_bus
Public
Inherited /
redefinied
estimate_fuel()
Private
r_vehicle
estimate_fuel()
115
6. Casting
Comparison to Procedural Programming
vehicle_list
name category
New vehicle category: truck

Procedural
Object Oriented
Extension e.g. of CASEConstructions
truck1
No change of coding needed. bus1
bus2
TYPE TABLE OF vehicle_list_type,
truck2
TYPE vehicle_list_type, ...
truck3
DATA: vehicle_list
vehicle
...
van1
LOOP AT vehicle_list INTO vehicle.
CASE vehicle-category.
WHEN 'TRUCK'.
PERFORM estimate_fuel_truck ...
WHEN 'BUS'.
ADD r_vehicle->estimate_fuel( )
PERFORM estimate_fuel_bus ...
TO needed_fuel.
WHEN 'VAN'.
estimate_fuel_van...
PERFORM estimate_fuel_van
...
ENDCASE.
ADD fuel TO needed_fuel.
ENDLOOP.
116
6. Casting
117
Upcast
Downcast
6. Casting
Motivation for Downcast
Client
(2) lcl_bus
(1) lcl_rental
Public
(3) lcl_truck
max_cargo
= 30
Private
vehicle_list
get_max_cargo()
(4) lcl_car
(5) lcl_truck
max_cargo
= 50
METHOD get_max_cargo.
" Problem: is this really a truck?
" Determine the max cargo
ENDLOOP.
ENDMETHOD.
118
Truck or other
vehicle?
6. Casting
Example for Downcast
(2) lcl_bus
(1) lcl_rental
Public
Private
vehicle_
list
(3) lcl_truck
max_cargo
= 30
get_max_cargo()
(4) lcl_car
(5) lcl_truck
METHOD get_max_cargo.
r_truck TYPE REF TO lcl_truck.
TRY.
r_truck ?= r_vehicle.
" put max cargo in variable re_cargo...
CATCH cx_sy_move_cast_error
cx_sy_move_cast_error.
" react on that cast error
ENDTRY.
ENDLOOP.
ENDMETHOD.
119
max_cargo
= 50
Try and catch

possible errors.
6. Casting
120
Upcast
Downcast
6. Casting
Semantic and Use of Inheritance
Rules
121
Redefined methods must have a similar behavior as in the

superclass.
Any change of the signature (interface) is not possible.
Use of inheritance:
Generalization/specialization for better structuring of

software
Polymorphism generic programming

Omission of CASE-structures
6. Casting
Semantic and Use of Inheritance
Rules
Inheritance is frequently misused:
For pure code reuse
Instead of an additional attribute/ aggregation /

role concepts
car
car_red
car_blue
Use of inheritance does not correspond in some cases

to the expectations from the real world
change_width
Superclass
Rectangular
122
change_height
Subclass
square
6. Casting Summary

use casts
use casts assignments with inheritance to develop generic
programs
123
Exercise
HOURS
MIN
Exercise
Casting
Polymorphism (Part 1)
124
Exercise
HOURS
MIN
Exercise
Casting
Polymorphism (Part 2)
125
7. Interfaces
126
Interfaces
Working with Interfaces
Compound Interfaces
Polymorphism
7. Interfaces
Motivation for Interfaces
Service 1
Service 2
Service 3
...
Interface
Shared components Services

lcl_carrier
lcl_hotel
lcl_rental
lcl_airplane
...
127
lcl_vehicles
...
...
...
7. Interfaces
Services of the Interfaces
lcl_travel_agency
display_partner
check_availability
...
Interface
describes and
uses
Shared components Services

lcl_carrier
lcl_hotel
lcl_rental
lcl_airplane
...
128
lcl_vehicles
...
...
...
7. Interfaces
UML Example
lcl_travel_agency
Client
uses
Implementation
Implementationof
more
than one
mehrerer
Interface possible!
Interfaces
mglich!
interface
interface
lif_partners
lif_license
implements
lcl_carrier
lcl_hotel
lcl_rental
lcl_airplane
...
129
lcl_vehicles
...
...
...
7. Interfaces
Definition and Implementation of an Interface
Definition of the interface
Inclusion of the interface

in the server classes
130
Implementation is done in
classes
No visibility layers in
Interfaces; all
components are public
lif_partners
INTERFACE lif_partners.
METHODS: display_partner.
ENDINTERFACE.
CLASS lcl_rental DEFINITION.

PUBLIC SECTION.
INTERFACES lif_partners
lif_partners.
ENDCLASS.

METHOD lif_partners~display_partner .
"just call existing method that fits
...
ENDMETHOD.
Interface
resolution
ENDCLASS.
operator
7. Interfaces
Characteristics of Interfaces
Separation of signature (interface) and implementation (class)

Client defines protocol, server implements is
Black Box Principle: Client knows only the interface,
not the implementation
loosely coupling between client and server
Polymorphism
Code 2
Generic handling with object from different classes
display_partner
Code 1
Abstraction
Code 3
Code 4
Interfaces as generalizations of the implementing classes
super1
Simulation of multiple inheritance

sub1
131
interf
sub2
Exercise
HOURS
MIN
Exercise
Interfaces
Definition of an Interface
132
7. Interfaces
133
Interfaces
Compound Interfaces
Polymorphism
7. Interfaces
Working with Interface Components
...
METHOD lif_partners~display_partner.
"special coding to display partners or
"just calling existing method that fits
ENDMETHOD.
interface
lif_partners
display_partner()
check_availability()
ENDCLASS.
implements
DATA: r_rental TYPE REF TO lcl_rental.
...
CREATE OBJECT r_rental.
* syntactically possible but not useful:
~
r_rental->lif_partners~display_partner(
).
Interface resolution operator!
134
lcl_rental
- name
- vehicle_list
+ add_vehicle()
7. Interfaces
Upcast
interface
Upcast
lif_partners
Downcast
lcl_carrier
lcl_hotel
DATA: r_rental TYPE REF TO lcl_rental,

r_lif
TYPE REF TO lif_partners.
CREATE OBJECT r_rental.
lcl_rental
(1) lcl_rental
ffentlich
r_rental
r_lif
* Up Cast
r_lif = r_rental
Private
Interface
components
display_partner
check_availability
...
r_lif
135
7. Interfaces
Use of Interfaces
(9) lcl_travel_agency
Public
(7) lcl_hotel
Private
partner_list
add_partner()
(1) lcl_rental
(6) lcl_carrier
Up Cast at
handing over!
...
lif_partner
METHODS: add_partner IMPORTING im_partner TYPE REF TO lif_partner.
...
136
7. Interfaces
Use of Interfaces
METHOD display_agency_partners.
DATA: r_partner TYPE REF TO lif_partners.
LOOP AT partner_list INTO r_partner.
r_partner->display_partner( ).
ENDLOOP.
ENDMETHOD.
(7) lcl_hotel
partner_list
(1) lcl_rental
(6) lcl_carrier
137
METHOD ...~display_partner
display_partner .
display_hotel_attributes( ). ...
ENDMETHOD.
METHOD ...~display_partner
display_partner .
display_rental_data( ). ...
ENDMETHOD.
display_partner
METHOD ...~display_partner.
display_attributes( ). ...
ENDMETHOD.
7. Interfaces
Interface References: Down Cast
(3) lcl_travel_agency
book_flight()
partner_list
r_carrier
(7) lcl_hotel
METHOD book_flight.
DATA: r_carrier TYPE REF TO lcl_carrier,
r_partner TYPE REF TO lcl_partner.

LOOP AT partner_list INTO r_partner.
TRY.
r_carrier ?= r_partner.
r_carrier->... "Perform necessary operations.
CATCH cx_sy_move_cast_error.
cx_sy_move_cast_error
"react on that cast error
ENDTRY.
ENDLOOP.
ENDMETHOD.
138
(1) lcl_rental
(6) lcl_carrier
7. Interfaces
139
Interfaces
Compound Interfaces
Polymorphism
7. Interfaces
Compound Interfaces
Problem:
Extension of
the Interface?
interface
lif_partners
book_room()
implements
lcl_hotel
140
lcl_carrier
lcl_rental
7. Interfaces
Compound Interfaces
Solution:
Compound
Interfaces
interface
lif_partners
implements
interfaces:
interface
lif_room_booking
implements
lcl_hotel
141
lcl_carrier
lcl_rental
7. Interfaces
Compound Interfaces: Example
INTERFACE lif_partners.
METHODS display_partner.
ENDINTERFACE.
INTERFACE lif_room_booking.
INTERFACES lif_partners.
METHODS book_room.
ENDINTERFACE.
DATA: i_partner
i_room_book
CLASS lcl_hotel DEFINITION.

PUBLIC SECTION.
INTERFACES lif_room_booking.
ENDCLASS.
CLASS lcl_hotel IMPLEMENTATION.
METHOD lif_partner~display_partner.
ENDMETHOD.
METHOD lif_room_booking~book_room.
ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.
TYPE REF TO lif_partners,

TYPE REF TO lif_room_booking,
...
i_partner = i_room_book.
"Narrowing Cast
i_room_book->lif_partner~display_partner( ).
* i_partner->display_partner( ) also possible
i_room_book ?= i_partner.
142
"Widening Cast
7. Interfaces Summary

define and implement
develop generic programs using polymorphism and
interfaces
143
Exercise
HOURS
MIN
Exercise
Interfaces
Use of Interfaces
144
8. Events
145
Define and trigger events

Register and handle events
8. Events Overview
Recipient / Handler
* main program
CREATE OBJECT r_car EXPORTING
Car rental company
Auto
Registration office
Sender
Event: vehicle_created
146
...
8. Events
Properties
Looser coupling than using method invocation
Trigger object announces a change of state

Handler objects can register to event
Another communication model

Sender is not aware of the receiver;
the reaction of the receiver is of no interest for the sender.
Application
GUI implementation
Conformity to other object models:
COM, ActiveX Controls, OpenDoc ...
147
8. Events
Triggering and Handling Events: Overview
Rules
Class defines an event

(EVENTS, CLASS-EVENTS)
Object or class triggers the event

(RAISE EVENT)
148
Trigger events
Handle events
Handler class defines and implements the handler method

([CLASS-]METHODS... FOR EVENT ... OF ...)
Handler object or handler class is registered to events of

specific objects/ classes at runtime
(SET HANDLER)
8. Events
Defining and Triggering Events: Syntax
CLASS <classname> DEFINITION.
EVENTS: <event> EXPORTING VALUE(<ex_par>)
EVENTS
VALUE(
) TYPE <type>.
CLASS <classname> IMPLEMENTATION.
Typing of all parameters
METHOD <methodname>.
RAISE EVENT <event> EXPORTING <ex_par> = <act_par>.
PUBLIC SECTION.
METHODS constructor IMPORTING ... .
1.
EVENTS vehicle_created.
...
ENDCLASS.
car
vehicle_created

METHOD constructor.
...
RAISE EVENT vehicle_created
2.
ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.
149
8. Events
Event handling and registering
Sender
car1
Handler
rental
vehicle_created
registration
office
car2
vehicle_created
carrier
truck
150
vehicle_created
8. Events
Handling method
CLASS <class_handle> DEFINITION.
No Typing, only enumeration
METHODS: <on_event> FOR EVENT <event>
METHODS
OF <class/interfacename>
IMPORTING <ex_par1> ... <ex_parN> SENDER.
SENDER
...
PRIVATE SECTION.
METHODS: add_vehicle FOR EVENT vehicle_created OF lcl_vehicle
3.
IMPORTING SENDER.
SENDER
ENDCLASS.
rental
car1
add_vehicle
vehicle_created
151
8. Events
Registering Event Handling: Syntax
SET HANDLER <ref_handle>-><on_event>
FOR <ref_sender> | FOR ALL INSTANCES
[ACTIVATION <var>].

...
PRIVATE SECTION.
METHODS: add_vehicle FOR EVENT vehicle_created OF ...
ENDCLASS.
METHOD constructor.
SET HANDLER add_vehicle FOR ALL INSTANCES
4.
INSTANCES.
ENDMETHOD.
METHOD ...
ENDCLASS.
car1
SET HANDLER
rental
add_vehicle
vehicle_created
152
8. Events
Registration/Deregistration: Handler Tables
Handler table of car2

r_car
vehicle_created (Event)
car2
handling
method
add_vehicle
reg_vehicle
registered
object
registration
office
Handler table of car1

r_car
vehicle_created (Event)
car1
153
handling
method
add_vehicle
reg_vehicle
rental
registered
object
registration
office
8. Events
Event Handling: Properties
Event handling is performed sequentially.

The order od invocation of handler methods is not defined.
Registered objects wont be erased by the Garbage Collector.
The visibility of an event sets who can handle an Event.
The visibility of a handler method sets who can use a SETHANDLER-instruction.
A handler method can have even though only the same or a more
restrictive visibility than the event related to it.
Event
Public
Private
154
Handler
Private
Public
8. Events
Summary

define and trigger events
handle events
register and deregister event handling
explain the key differences between explicit method calls
and event-controlled method calls
155
Exercise
HOURS
MIN
Exercise
Event Triggering
and Handling
156
9. Global Classes/Interfaces
157
The Class Builder

Working with Global Classes/Interfaces
Application Example: ALV Grid Control
Rewind: Local Classes/Interfaces
Program-1
Program-2
REPORT prog1.
REPORT prog2.
CLASS lcl_airplane DEFINITION.

...
ENDCLASS.
...
DATA: r_airplane
TYPE REF TO lcl_airplane
lcl_airplane.
...
Local Program Classes
158
Local classes are visible only in the program, in which they are defined.
No global access possible
Not created in Repository, no Where-Used List etc.
Classes/Interfaces in ABAP-Repository (= Global classes)
Access from any program possible via TYPE REF TO
Client namespace for global classes and Interfaces:

Y*, Z* or a special customer namespace
Where-Used List is possible
Development tool in the ABAP-Workbench: Class Builder

Tool for creation, testing and maintenance of
global classes and interfaces
Takes on the creation of the whole framework coding
e.g. CLASS <name> DEFINITION
Manages the Include-Data, in which the code is stored
Graphical Editor
159
Global Classes in SE80 Created in the Object Navigator
Creation of a Class using the

Object Navigator:
160
Class Builder: Attributes
Defining the attributes of a class
161
Class Builder: Methods
Redefinition
Undo Redefinition
Set the
signature parameter of the
selected method,
Here: CONSTRUCTOR
Defining methods of a class
162
Class Builder: Definition of Method Signatures
Back to method list
Set the
signature parameter
163
Class Builder: Exception Interface
Back to method list
Set the
possible exceptions
164
Class Builder: Defining Interfaces
1) Declaring the global
interfaces in a global
class
2)
165
Implementation of methods
from a global class
Class Builder: Implementation of Methods
Signature displayed to help
with the implementation of the
method
166
Class Builder: Inheritance
Make
superclass
known
167
Class Builder: Testing Environment
Test
class
Create
instance
Call
methods
168
169
The Class Builder

Global Classes in the Object Navigator
Right: Editing an ABAP Program in

the Editor
Left: Navigation Tree
170
Class Builder: CREATE OBJECT
Drag&Drop of the constructor or

the class name, generates
CREATE OBJECT.
Representation of a class in the

Navigation Tree enables the access
to the class components
171
Class Builder: CALL METHOD
Drag&Drop of a method
generates a method call.
172
173
The Class Builder

The ALV Grid Control
Details
Sort
Filter
Search
Print
Sum
Chart
Export
Views
(Table, Grid, Excel)
CL_GUI_ALV_GRID
174
Integrating a Grid-Control instance in a dialog program
For using the ALV Grid
Control, two classes are
needed.
Dynpro
Area
(1) cl_gui_custom_container
Public
Custom
Container
Control
Private
(3) cl_gui_alv_grid
Public
Private
ALV
Grid
Control
175
Displaying data in an ALV-Grid
...
cl_gui_custom_container
DATA: go_container TYPE REF TO cl_gui_custom_container,
go_grid
TYPE REF TO cl_gui_alv_grid .
...
CREATE OBJECT go_container
EXPORTING container_name = 'CONTAINER_1'
...
CREATE OBJECT go_grid
EXPORTING i_parent = go_container
...
(1) cl_gui_custom...
Public
Private
(1) cl_gui_alv_grid
Public
Private
go_grid->set_table_for_first_display(
set_table_for_first_display
i_structure_name = 'SPFLI'
it_outtab
= gt_flights).
...
176
Summary
You should now be able to:

describe the difference between local and global
classes/interfaces
create global classes/interfaces using the Class Builder
177
Exercise
HOURS
MIN
Exercise
Global Classes
Creating a Class
178
179
Abstract and Final Classes

Visibility of Constructors
Strings
Friendship
Persistent Objects

Abstract Classes
Abstract Classes cannot be instantiated themselves (but their

subclasses are)
References to such abstract classes can therefore be used for polymorphic
access to subclass instances.
Abstract (instance) methods are defined in a class, but not

implemented
They have to be redefined in the subclasses
CLASS lcl_vehicle DEFINITION ABSTRACT.

ABSTRACT
PUBLIC SECTION.
METHODS:
estimate_fuel_consumption ABSTRACT
IMPORTING ...
ENDCLASS.
Class cannot be
instantiated
Method is not
implemented in this
class
180

Final Classes Final Methods
Final classes cannot have subclasses.
CLASS lcl_truck DEFINITION FINAL

INHERITING FROM lcl_vehicle.
...
ENDCLASS.
lcl_vehicle
lcl_truck
...
lcl_bus
...
...
Final methods cannot be redefined in subclasses.
CLASS lcl_bus DEFINITION INHERITING FROM lcl_vehicle.

PUBLIC SECTION.
METHODS:
FINAL
estimate_number_of_free_seats FINAL.
ENDCLASS.
181
182

Strings
Friendship
Persistent Objects

Issue with multiple instantiation
Function 1
Function 3
(1) lcl_daten
Public
Private
Change
STOP
(2) lcl_daten
Change
Function 2
183
Public
Private
Function 4

Who can instantiate classes?
The instantiation of classes can be restricted:

CLASS cl_class DEFINITION ...
CREATE PUBLIC
Each user (Client) can create class instances.
(Default)
CREATE PROTECTED
Only the class itself and all its subclasses can create instances of this
class.
CREATE PRIVATE
Only the class itself can create instances of itself..
184
Thus, the visibility of the constructor is

implicitly controlled.
Possible use:
Singleton design pattern
(1) lcl_singleton
Public
Private
mo_singl
get_instance
Client

Singleton
Two possibilities to develop a Singleton:
lazy creation
Insantiating on first access
eager creation
Generation in the class constructor
lcl_singleton
lcl_singleton
- mo_single:lcl_singleton
+ get_instance():lcl_singleton
- mo_single:lcl_singleton
+ get_instance():lcl_singleton
+ class_constructor()
METHOD get_instance.
IF mo_single IS INITIAL.
CREATE OBJECT mo_single.
ENDIF.
ro_single = mo_single.
ENDMETHOD.
185
METHOD class_constructor.
CREATE OBJECT mo_single.
ENDMETHOD.
METHOD get_instance.
ro_single = mo_single.
ENDMETHOD.
Exercise
HOURS
MIN
Exercise
Programming Techniques
Singleton
186
187

Strings
Friendship
Persistent Objects

ABAP-Strings
DATA: lv_str TYPE c LENGTH 20.
lv_str = 'Hello World!'.
188
!'.
DATA: lv_str TYPE string.

lv_str = `Hello World!`.
!`.
" Truncated (not wide enough!)

CONCATENATE lv_str lv_str
INTO lv_str.
" No truncation
lv_str = lv_str && lv_str.
" Syntax error (not wide enough!)

lv_str = lv_str+10(15).
" No syntax- but runtime error

lv_str = lv_str+10(15).
" Ugly: * no localization,

"
* space before '.',
"
* lengthy, error-prone.
lv_str = sy-datum.
CONCATENATE
'Today is ' lv_str '.'
INTO lv_str
SEPARATED BY space.
CALL METHOD lo->meth( lv_str ).
" Pretty: *
"
*
"
*
"
*
"
CALL METHOD
|Today is
localization,
space before '.',
short,
directly usable
in method call
lo_meth(
{ sy-datum
DATE = USER }.| ).
189

Strings
Friendship
Persistent Objects

Friendship
In some cases, classes have to work together so closely that one or

both classes need access to the others protected and private
components.
High-performance direct access to the data in a friendship-grating class

Distribution of various services to common data over different classes
Formation of packages
Package
Friend
Grants friendship
(5) lcl_flight_data
Private
flight_list
190
(3) lcl_flight_factory
Public
Friend
(4) lcl_flight_planer
Public
create_flight()
get_flight()
plan_flight()
delete_flight()
schedule()
191

Strings
Friendship
Persistent Objects

Persistence Services
ABAP Program
Transient Objects
Persistence Service
Read / write objects
Database
Persistent data in
transparent tables
192

Characteristics of Persistence Services
The Objects of a running ABAP program are transient.
The Persistence Services allows working with persistent objects.
Persistent classes are created

in the class builder
Tasks of Persistence Services:
193
Loading objects from the database

Managing object changes
Saving objects in the database

The Class Agent
Within the Persistence Services, the Class Agent takes over the
management of the persistent objects.
The actor provides several services (method calls), for managing the objects and
the encapsulated object data
The class actor is a singleton instance, addressed with the public static attribute
agent.
...
DATA: r_carrier TYPE REF TO cl_carrier,
r_agent
TYPE REF TO ca_carrier,
carrname TYPE
s_carrname.
TRY.
The agent (actor), a

singleton of the class
CA_CARRIER and
friend of the persistent
classCL_CARRIER
agent
r_agent = ca_carrier=>agent.
r_carrier = r_agent->get_persistent( i_carrid = 'LH' ).
carrname
= r_carrier->get_carrname( ).
WRITE: 'LH: ', carrname.
CATCH cx_os_object_not_found.
ENDTRY.
194

Summary

Create and describe abstract and final classes
Describe the visibility of the constructors
Define friend relationships between classes
Describe the Persistence Services
195
Exercise
HOURS
MIN
Exercise
Programming Techniques
Friendship
196
197
Predefined and Selfdefined Class-based Exceptions

Exception raising, handling and propagating

Class-Based Exceptions Sequence Diagram
:lcl_driver
:lcl_car
:lcl_tank
get_fuel_level( )
get_fuel_level( )
break
[Fill level
sensor
failed ]
exception
sensor_failed
alert( )
re_level
re_level
198

Class-Based Exceptions Sequence Diagram (Propagation)
:lcl_driver
:lcl_car
:lcl_tank
get_fuel_level( )
get_fuel_level( )
break
[Fill level
sensor
failed ]
exception
sensor_failed
pit_stop( )
re_level
re_level
199

Class-Based Exceptions Overview
zcx_exception
Exception class
(predefined or
your own)
ABAP Program
...
RAISE EXCEPTION TYPE cx_exception

[EXPORTING attr1 = ...
attr2 = ...].
...
* Exception handling
...
ABAP Runtime System

200
Exception raised
using the ABAP
statement or by the
runtime environment

Handling Exceptions
TRY.
" Perform normal operation

...
CATCH cx_...
cx_...
...
[INTO lx_exc1].
...
CATCH cx_...
... [INTO lx_exc2].
...
Statements for which

exceptions are to be
handled
Behandler
Handlers fr
fordie
the
angegebenen
specified exception
Ausnahmeklassen
classes and their
und
deren
subclasses
Unterklassen
CATCH cx_root [INTO lx_root].

...
Handlers for all

exception objects of
other classes
CLEANUP.
...
ENDTRY.
201
Clean up, if there is no

exception handler
available

Exception Classes: The Inheritance Hierarchy
cx_root
- textid
- kernel_errid
...
+ get_text()
+ get_source_position()
cx_no_check
cx_dynamic_check
cx_sy_arithmetic_error
cx_static_check
cx_sy_move_cast_error
cx_sy_arithmetic_overflow
202

Example: Handling a Predefined Exception
PARAMETERS: int1
int2
TYPE i,
TYPE i.
DATA: result TYPE i,

lx_exc TYPE REF TO cx_root.
If an overflow error occurs, the

runtime system raises the
cx_sy_arithmetic_overflow
exception
...
TRY.
result = int1 * int2.
WRITE result.
CATCH cx_sy_arithmetic_overflow INTO lx_exc.
MESSAGE lx_exc TYPE 'I' DISPLAY LIKE 'E'.
ENDTRY.
...
203

Example: Using your own exceptions
...
METHODS get_technical_attributes
IMPORTING im_type
TYPE saplane-planetype
EXPORTING ex_weight TYPE s_plan_wei
ex_tankcap TYPE s_capacity.
...
ENDCLASS.
CLASS lcl_airplane IMPLEMENTATION.
...
METHOD get_technical_attributes.
SELECT SINGLE weight tankcap FROM saplane
INTO (ex_weight, ex_tankcap)
WHERE planetype = im_type.
IF sy-subrc <> 0.
ex_weight = 100000.
ex_tankcap = 10000.
ENDIF.
Program adaptation: If there
ENDMETHOD.
...
ENDCLASS.
204
are no table entries raise

and handle own exception

Creating Exception Classes
205

Define your own Attributes and Exception Texts
Your own attributes

provide additional
information
Exception texts
describe exception
in more detail
206

Raising and Handling selfdefined exceptions
DATA: lx_exc TYPE REF TO cx_root,
text
TYPE string.
Example:
im_type = 727-301
TRY.
SELECT SINGLE weight tankcap FROM saplane
IF sy-subrc <> 0.
RAISE EXCEPTION TYPE zcx_wrong_planetype
EXPORTING planetype = im_type.
ENDIF.
" Operate on valid values
" in ex_weight and ex_tankcap
CATCH zcx_wrong_planetype INTO lx_exc.
text = lx_exc->get_text( ).
MESSAGE text TYPE 'I'.
ENDTRY.
ENDMETHOD.
207

Propagating Exceptions
CLASS class DEFINITION.
...
METHODS meth IMPORTING
EXPORTING
RAISING
...
ENDCLASS.
<im_parameter>
<ex_parameter>
cx_exception
cx_exception.
REPORT propagate_exceptions.
...
DATA r_obj TYPE REF TO class.
...
CLASS class IMPLEMENTATION.

...
METHOD meth.
...
cx_exception
RAISE EXCEPTION TYPE cx_exception.
ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.
TRY.
r_obj->meth( EXPORTING ...
IMPORTING ... ).
CATCH cx_exception .
...
Exceptions that occur in

procedures do not necessarily
need to be handled there; they
can be passed along to the
calling program.
ENDTRY.
208

Taking up exceptions in the method signature
209

Resumable Exceptions Sequence Diagram
:lcl_driver
:lcl_car
:lcl_tank
get_fuel_level( )
get_fuel_level( )
break
[ Fill level
sensor
failed ]
re_level
210
resumable_exception
sensor_failed
RESUME ...
re_level

Example: Propagating Exceptions
METHODS display_attributes.
METHODS get_technical_attributes
IMPORTING im_type
TYPE saplane-planetype
EXPORTING ex_weight
TYPE s_plan_wei
ex_tankcap
TYPE s_capacity
RAISING
zcx_wrong_planetype .
ENDCLASS.
METHOD display_attributes.
DATA: lx_exc TYPE REF TO cx_root,
text
TYPE string.
...
TRY.
get_technical_attributes(
EXPORTING im_type = planetype
IMPORTING ex_weight = weight
ex_tankcap = cap ).
WRITE: /'Gewicht:'(003), weight,
'Tankkapazitt:'(004), cap.
CATCH zcx_wrong_planetype INTO lx_exc
lx_exc.
MESSAGE lx_exc TYPE 'I'.
ENDTRY.
ENDMETHOD.
211
SELECT SINGLE weight tankcap

FROM saplane
IF sy-subrc <> 0.
RAISE EXCEPTION
TYPE zcx_wrong_planetype
im_type
EXPORTING pl_type = im_type.
ENDIF.
ENDMETHOD.

Declarable Exceptions
cx_root
cx_no_check
212
These exceptions can be

handled, otherwise they
are forwarded
automatically; no explicit
forwarding using RAISING
addition possible;
No review by the syntax

check
cx_dynamic_check
cx_static_check
These exceptions need to be

handled or explicitly
forwarded using the RAISING
addition;
These exceptions need to

be handled or explicitly
forwarded using the
RAISING addition;
No review by the syntax

check
Review by the syntax

check

Summary

Create exception classes
Trigger exceptions in programs
Handle exceptions
Propagate exceptions
213
Exercise
HOURS
MIN
Exercise
Exception Handling
Class-based Exceptions
214
215
Field Symbols
Dynamic Access
Data References
Dynamic Determination of Object Properties
Code Construct with Dynamic Programming

Field Symbols
FIELD-SYMBOLS: <fs>
<fs>
<fs>
<fs>
TYPE
<Structure>,
TYPE TABLE OF <Structure>,
TYPE
ANY,
TYPE
ANY TABLE.
Field symbols
216
point to data, table entries, structure components (fields)
are "assigned".
can be of data type ANY.
can be identified by the notation with angle brackets <fs>.
INTO vs. ASSIGNING
resp.
IS INITIAL vs. IS ASSIGNED
<fsob>
Index
Name
Fname
Age
Wage
Huber
Lotte
18
1.200
Maier
Klaus
24
1.800
Berg
Lisa
35
2.400
<fs2>
Rei
Tim
24
1.800
<fs3>
<fs1>

Field Symbols ASSIGNING vs. INTO
DATA: tab1 TYPE TABLE OF struct,

tab2 TYPE TABLE OF struct,
tab3 TYPE TABLE OF struct.
FIELD-SYMBOLS: <fs> TYPE struct.

* make <fs> point onto
* first record in a table
READ TABLE tab1 INDEX 1
ASSIGNING <fs>.
<fs>
1
* make <fs> point onto
* first record in a another table
ASSIGNING <fs>.
<fs>
2
* copy record from a third table into
* the table row pointed at by <fs>
<fs>.
INTO <fs>
3
217
Index
Name
Fname
Huber
Lotte
Maier
Klaus
Index
Name
Fname
Berg
Lisa
<fs>
2
Kraus
Rei
Karl
Tim
Index
Name
Fname
Kraus
Karl
Moser
Hans

Field Symbols Casting on ASSIGN
TYPES: BEGIN OF st_date,

year(4) TYPE n,
month(2) TYPE n,
day(2)
TYPE n,
END OF st_date.
* Option 1: Implicitly
FIELD-SYMBOLS <fs> TYPE st_date.
ASSIGN sy-datum TO <fs> CASTING
CASTING.
The access is interpreted

as though the data object
had the data type of the
field symbol.
In addition, he casting
type can be explicitly
specified.
* Option 2: Explicit
FIELD-SYMBOLS <fs> TYPE ANY
ANY.
ASSIGN sy-datum TO <fs>
CASTING TYPE st_date.
20120221
* Access after cast:
WRITE: / <fs>-year, <fs>-month, <fs>-day.
<fs>
218
219
Field Symbols
Dynamic Access
Data References

Statements with Dynamic Attributes
Replacing a literal with a variable:

CALL TRANSACTION 'T_CODE'.
lv_tcode = 'T_CODE'.
CALL TRANSACTION lv_tcode
lv_tcode.
Replacing an identifier with a variable in

brackets (without blanks):
SUBMIT report.
lv_report_name = 'REPORT'.
(lv_report_name)
SUBMIT (lv_report_name).
Replacing an enumeration with an internal table:

SET PF-STATUS 'STATUS_NAME'
EXCLUDING 'FC1' 'FC2' ... .
* fill internal table lt_exclude

* with function codes
SET PF-STATUS 'STATUS_NAME'
EXCLUDING lt_exclude
lt_exclude.
Replacing conditions with an internal table :

LOOP AT table ASSIGNING <fs>
WHERE age = 16 OR age = 17
AND
salary <= 1000 ... .
220
* ... fill internal table

* lt_cond with conditions.
LOOP AT table INTO wa
WHERE lt_cond
lt_cond.

Calling methods dynamically
TYPE-POOLS: abap.
DATA: meth TYPE abap_methname,

abap_methname
ptab TYPE abap_parmbind_tab,
abap_parmbind_tab
etab TYPE abap_excpbind_tab.
abap_excpbind_tab
...
meth = 'METHOD_NAME'.
* Fill ptab and etab
...
CALL METHOD ref->(meth)
PARAMETER-TABLE ptab
EXCEPTION-TABLE etab
etab.
Transfer type
ptab
NAME
KIND
Exception
name
etab
221
Reference to the
actual parameter
TYPE REF TO
Formal
parameter
name
NAME
VALUE
sy-subrc
value
VALUE
222
Field Symbols
Dynamic Access
Data References

Data References
TYPES reftype
DATA
ref
{ TYPE REF TO type_name |

LIKE REF TO do_name
|
TYPE REF TO data }.
Any completely
specified type
{ TYPE REF TO type_name |

LIKE REF TO do_name
|
TYPE REF TO data }.
Generic type
GET REFERENCE OF dataobject INTO ref.
DATA: lr_ref TYPE REF TO i,

lv_num TYPE i VALUE 15.
GET REFERENCE OF lv_num INTO lr_ref.
lr_ref
lv_num
15
lr_ref
lv_num
15
Get reference to a
data object
223

Example: Dynamic Method Calls
...
METHODS get_make
EXPORTING ex_make TYPE string.
...
ENDCLASS.
TYPE-POOLS abap.
DATA: ptab
TYPE
wa_ptab LIKE
meth
TYPE
gd_make TYPE
abap_parmbind_tab,
LINE OF ptab,
abap_methname,
string VALUE `VOLVO`.

...
METHOD get_make.
ex_make = make.
ENDMETHOD.
...
ENDCLASS.
Situation after the dynamic method call:
wa_ptab-name = 'EX_MAKE'.
GET REFERENCE OF gd_make
INTO wa_ptab-value = ref.
INSERT wa_ptab INTO TABLE ptab.
ptab
meth = 'GET_MAKE'.
CALL METHOD r_truck->(meth)
PARAMETER-TABLE ptab.
gd_make
NAME
KIND
VALUE
EX_MAKE
`VOLVO`
WRITE gd_make.
224

Creating Data Objects at Runtime
DATA ref
{ TYPE REF TO type_name | LIKE REF TO var
CREATE DATA ref.
DATA ref
CREATE DATA ref
}.
Typing can also

take place
dynamically
TYPE REF TO data.
TYPE { type_name | itab_type_def }.
PARAMETERS pa_tab
TYPE dd021-tabname.
DATA
ref_itab TYPE REF TO data.
ref_itab
CREATE DATA ref_itab TYPE STANDARD TABLE

OF (pa_tab)
WITH DEFAULT KEY.
Standard table with default key

and row type corresponding to
the content of the data object
pa_tab
225

Dereferencing data references
ASSIGN ref->* TO <fs> [CASTING ... ].
PARAMETERS pa_tab
DATA
ref_itab
You can address the contents

of the internal table using the
field symbol.
TYPE dd021-tabname.
TYPE REF TO data.
ref_itab
fs_itab
FIELD-SYMBOLS <fs_itab> TYPE ANY TABLE.

ASSIGN ->*
CREATE DATA ref_itab TYPE STANDARD TABLE

OF (pa_tab)
WITH DEFAULT KEY.
ASSIGN ref_itab->*
->* TO <fs_itab>.
SELECT * FROM (pa_tab) INTO TABLE <fs_itab>.
226

Example: Output the contents of an arbitrary database table
PARAMETERS pa_dbtab TYPE dd02l-tabname
DEFAULT 'SFLIGHT'.
DATA d_ref TYPE REF TO data.
FIELD-SYMBOLS: <fs_wa>
TYPE ANY,
<fs_comp> TYPE ANY.
START-OF-SELECTION.
1.
Define input parameter for

selection screen.
2.
Generic data object.

Field symbols for record and
record components.
3.
4.
Dynamically generate the data

object for storing the query result,
and assign it to a field symbol.
5.
Successively assign all structure

components to a field symbol.
(reached the end change the
row and move to the next record)
Output component content.
CREATE DATA d_ref TYPE (pa_dbtab).

ASSIGN d_ref->* TO <fs_wa>.
SELECT * FROM (pa_dbtab) INTO <fs_wa>.
DO.
ASSIGN COMPONENT sy-index
OF STRUCTURE <fs_wa> TO <fs_comp>.
IF sy-subrc NE 0. SKIP. EXIT. ENDIF.
WRITE <fs_comp>.
ENDDO.
ENDSELECT.
227
6.
7.
228
Field Symbols
Dynamic Access
Data References

Determine properties of internal tables
DATA: no_of_lines
TYPE i,
initial_lines TYPE i,
table_kind
TYPE c.
DESCRIBE TABLE itab

LINES no_of_lines
OCCURS initial_lines
KIND
table_kind.
* other variant:
no_of_lines = lines( itab ).
Number of rows in
the internal table
Number of initial
lines
Table kind
table_kind
Constants for
evaluating the
return values
229
TYPE-POOL: sydes.
sydes_kind-undefined
sydes_kind-standard
sydes_kind-sorted
sydes_kind-hashed

RTTI Run Time Type Information
Hierarchy of description classes:

CL_ABAP_TYPEDESCR
Rules
CL_ABAP_DATADESCR
CL_ABAP_ELEMDESCR
CL_ABAP_REFDESCR
Determining the type attributes of a

data object at runtime: :
Transfer the data object to the

static method
DESCRIBE_BY_DATA of class
CL_ABAP_TYPEDESCR
Get the reference to the

appropriate description object
Evaluate of the type attributes

using the public attributes or
methods of this description
object
CL_ABAP_COMPLEXDESCR
CL_ABAP_STRUCTDESCR
CL_ABAP_TABLEDESCR
CL_ABAP_OBJECTDESCR
CL_ABAP_CLASSDESCR
CL_ABAP_INTFDESCR
230

Example for dynamic type description
...
DATA:
descr_ref TYPE REF TO cl_abap_structdescr,
wa_comp
TYPE abap_compdescr.
...
START-OF-SELECTION.
...
"get reference to type description object by widening cast:
descr_ref ?= cl_abap_typedescr=>describe_by_data( <fs_wa> ).
...
TOP-OF-PAGE.
LOOP AT descr_ref->components INTO wa_comp.
WRITE wa_comp-name.
ENDLOOP.
231
232
Field Symbol
Dynamic Access
Data References

Conventional Data Operations
Changing a single, unique record

DATA: itab TYPE TABLE OF structure,
wa
TYPE
structure.
READ TABLE itab INTO wa
WITH KEY age = 24.
IF sy-subrc = 0.
After reading a record, we have to

check if the query was successful.
The changes made to the work area

wa have to be written back to the
internal table itab.
wa-wage
= '1.900'.
MODIFY itab FROM wa.
ENDIF.
233
Index
Name
FName
Age
Wage
Huber
Lotte
18
1.200
Maier
Klaus
24
1.800
Berg
Lisa
35
2.400
Rei
Tim
27
2.000
Index
Name
FName
Age
Wage
Maier
Klaus
24
1.900

Implementation with Field Symbols
Changing a single, unique record

DATA: itab TYPE TABLE OF structure.
FIELD-SYMBOLS: <fs> TYPE structure.
READ TABLE itab ASSIGNING <fs>
WITH KEY age = 24.
IF sy-subrc = 0.
After reading a record, we have to

check if the query was
successful.
The changes are made directly in

the table.
<fs>-wage = '1.900'.
ENDIF.
234
Index
Name
FName
Age
Wage
Huber
Lotte
18
1.200
Maier
Klaus
24
1.900
1.800
Berg
Lisa
35
2.400
Rei
Tim
27
2.000
<fs>

Changing multiple, similar records

DATA: itab TYPE TABLE OF structure,
wa
TYPE
structure.
LOOP AT itab INTO wa
WHERE age = 24.
wa-wage
= '1.900'.
MODIFY itab FROM wa.
No verification needed, since the

code is executed only when
records are found.

internal table itab.
ENDLOOP.
235
Index
Name
FName
Age
Wage
Huber
Lotte
18
1.200
Maier
Klaus
24
1.800
Berg
Lisa
35
2.400
Rei
Tim
24
2.000
Index
Name
FName
Age
Wage
Maier
Klaus
24
1.900
Index
Name
FName
Age
Wage
Rei
Tim
24
1.900

Changing multiple, similar records

LOOP AT itab ASSIGNING <fs>
WHERE age = 24.
<fs>-wage = '1.900'.
No verification needed, since the

code is executed only when
records are found.
The changes are made directly in

the table.
ENDLOOP.
236
Index
Name
FName
Age
Wage
Huber
Lotte
18
1.200
Maier
Klaus
24
1.900
1.800
Berg
Lisa
35
2.400
Rei
Tim
24
1.900
<fs>

Changing a common field in different internal tables

DATA: itab1
wa1
itab2
wa2
TYPE TABLE OF structure1,

TYPE
structure1,
TYPE
structure2.
LOOP AT itab1 INTO wa1.

wa1-kz = 'U'.
MODIFY itab FROM wa1.
Each internal table has to be

processed separately.

internal tables.
Unmanageable number of data

statements.
Great effort for extension.
ENDLOOP.
LOOP AT itab2 INTO wa2.
wa2-kz = 'U'.
MODIFY itab FROM wa1.
wa2.
ENDLOOP.
237

Changing a common field in different internal tables

DATA: s_tab
s_wa
itab1
itab2
TYPE TABLE OF string,

TYPE
string,
TYPE TABLE OF structure2.
FIELD-SYMBOLS: <fst> TYPE ANY TABLE,

<fsw> TYPE ANY,
<fsk> TYPE ANY.
100% dynamic.
Easy to extend
Very complex!
APPEND 'itab1' TO s_tab.

APPEND 'itab2' TO s_tab.
LOOP AT s_tab INTO s_wa.
UNASSIGN <fst>.
ASSIGN (s_wa) TO <fst>.
IF <fst> IS ASSIGNED.
ENDIF.
ENDLOOP.
238
LOOP AT <fst> ASSIGNING <fsw>.
ASSIGN COMPONENT 'KZ'

OF STRUCTURE <fsw>
TO <fsk>.
IF <fsk> IS ASSIGNED.
<fsk> = 'U'.
ENDIF.
ENDLOOP.

Termination after accessing a field symbol which was not assigned
Record not found!

WITH KEY age = 20.
If no record is found, the field

symbol points to nothing
The runtime environment

responds the next usage of the
field symbol with a short dump.
= 0.
IF sy-subrc
<fs> IS ASSIGNED.
239
<fs>-wage = '1.400'.
ENDIF.
Index
Name
FName
Age
Wage
Huber
Lotte
18
1.200
Maier
Klaus
24
1.800
Berg
Lisa
35
2.400
Rei
Tim
27
2.000
Check 'IS ASSIGNED'

or sy-subrc
RAISE EXCEPTION
<fs>

Erroneous write access to pre-assigned field symbol
Record not found on the second query!

WITH KEY age = 24.
<fs>-wage
'1.900'.
IF <fs> IS=ASSIGNED.
WITH KEY age = 20.
ENDIF.
"!!!
<fs> still points onto Klaus
<fs>-wage = '1.400'.
240
Index
Name
FName
Age
Wage
Huber
Lotte
18
1.200
Maier
Klaus
24
Berg
Lisa
35
1.900
1.800
1.400
2.400
Rei
Tim
27
2.000
If no record is found, the field

symbol continues to point to the
last entry.
The next time you use it, the last

value is overwritten.
UNASSIGN before each reading

operation.
<fs>

Summary

Use field symbols and data references
Call methods dynamically
Determine properties of a data object at runtime
241
Bibliography
242
Horst Keller, Sascha Krger: ABAP Objects ABAP

Programmierung mit SAP NetWeaver, Galileo Press, Bonn (2006),
ISBN 978-3-89842-358-8.
Roland Schwaiger: Schrdinger programmiert ABAP, Galileo Press,
Bonn (2013), ISBN 978-3-8362-1858-0.
Horst Keller, Wolf Hagen Thmmel: Official ABAP Programming
Guidelines, Galileo Press, Bonn (2009), ISBN 978-1-59229-290-5.
Andreas Wiegenstein, Markus Schumacher, Sebastian Schinzel,
Frederik Weidemann: Sichere ABAP-Programmierung, Galileo
Press, Bonn (2009), ISBN 978-3-8362-1357-8.
Thank
you for
Vielen Dank
fryour
Ihreattention!
Aufmerksamkeit
Hubert Englmaier
Senior IT Consultant
Insurance
Telefon: +49 89 96101-4568

Hubert.Englmaier@msg-systems.com
www.msg-systems.com
www.msg-systems.com
243

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