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DISTANCE MEASUREMENT
Mohd Effendi Daud (Dr. Sc)
B.Surv (UTM, Malaysia) Msc (UTM, Malaysia), Dr.Sc, (Nagoya Univ., Japan)
(Geomatic Division)
Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering,
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Batu Pahat, Johor, MALAYSIA.
Phone : +6074537363; +60197853740; Fax : +6074537060
E-mail : effendi@uthm.edu.my
Web: http://www.fkass.uthm.edu.my/
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Introduction
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Introduction
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Linear Measurement
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Pacing,
Measuring wheel,
Taping, and
Electronic distance measurement (EDM) devices
With Wisdom, We Explore
Pacing
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Measuring Wheels
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Taping
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Taping
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Taping equipment
Measuring Tape
Standard is 30 m length. Normally made of
fiberglass.
Taping
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Taping
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Taping Procedure
It must be remembered in geomatic that all
distances are presumed to be horizontal
distances and not surface distances.
Every field measurement taken be either
measured horizontally or, if not, reduced to
a horizontal distance mathematically.
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Taping
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Tape Corrections
Are applied to account for systematic errors
incorporated into the measured lengths due
to incorrect tape graduation, temperature
variation, sag, and/or slope.
Tape corrections are typically relatively small
about <1% of the measured distance, but still
significant for the corrections to be applied.
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Taping
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Taping
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Taping
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Taping
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where,
= the coefficient of expansion of the tape
tf = mean field temperature (C)
ts = temperature of standardization (20C)
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DISTANCE MEASUREMENT
Mohd Effendi Daud (Dr. Sc)
B.Surv (UTM, Malaysia) Msc (UTM, Malaysia), Dr.Sc, (Nagoya Univ., Japan)
(Geomatic Division)
Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering,
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Batu Pahat, Johor, MALAYSIA.
Phone : +6074537363; +60197853740; Fax : +6074537060
E-mail : effendi@uthm.edu.my
Web: http://www.fkass.uthm.edu.my/
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Electronic Distance
Measurement (EDM)
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Electronic Distance
Measurement (EDM)
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Total Station
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Total Station
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Summary
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SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
Mohd Effendi Daud (Dr. Sc)
B.Surv (UTM, Malaysia) Msc (UTM, Malaysia), Dr.Sc, (Nagoya Univ., Japan)
(Geomatic Division)
Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering,
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Batu Pahat, Johor, MALAYSIA.
Phone : +6074537363; +60197853740; Fax : +6074537060
E-mail : effendi@uthm.edu.my
Web: http://www.fkass.uthm.edu.my/
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Significant Figures
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Significant Figures
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Example:
What if I tell you go down Batu PahatKluang Road 1.5 km and turn left, what
should you do? What if I said instead, go
down Batu Pahat-Kluang Road 1.53 km
and turn left
How is that different?
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Significant Figures
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Mathematic Operations
When the answers to a calculation contain
too many significant figures, it must be
rounded off.
One way of rounding off involves
Underestimating: the answer for five of
digits (0, 1, 2, 3, and 4).
Overestimating: the answer for the other
five (5, 6, 7, 8, and 9)
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Significant Figures
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ERRORS IN DISTANCE
MEASUREMENT
Mohd Effendi Daud (Dr. Sc)
B.Surv (UTM, Malaysia) Msc (UTM, Malaysia), Dr.Sc, (Nagoya Univ., Japan)
(Geomatic Division)
Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering,
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Batu Pahat, Johor, MALAYSIA.
Phone : +6074537363; +60197853740; Fax : +6074537060
E-mail : effendi@uthm.edu.my
Web: http://www.fkass.uthm.edu.my/
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Errors in Distance
Measurement
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Errors in Distance
Measurement
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Errors in Distance
Measurement
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Errors in Distance
Measurement
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Errors in Distance
Measurement
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Errors in Distance
Measurement
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Errors in Distance
Measurement
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Errors in Distance
Measurement
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Errors in Distance
Measurement
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(Geomatic Division)
Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering,
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Batu Pahat, Johor, MALAYSIA.
Phone : +6074537363; +60197853740; Fax : +6074537060
E-mail : effendi@uthm.edu.my
Web: http://www.fkass.uthm.edu.my/
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Accuracy
Accuracy is the degree of closeness to the truth.
If one measurement is taken and happens to agree
with a known true value, then it is an accurate
measurement.
Precision
Precision is the degree of repeatability in repeated
measurements.
If repeated measurements agree with other, then
they are precise.
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Example:
If you are playing soccer and you always hit
the left goal post instead of scoring, then you
are NOT accurate, but you ARE precise.
Better precision does not necessarily mean
better accuracy.
The objective of geomatics measurement
is to make measurements that are both
precise and accurate.
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Example;
Degree of Accuracy
Accuracy depends on the instrument you
are measuring with. But as a general rule:
The degree of accuracy is half a unit each side
of the unit of measure
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Degree of Accuracy
If your instrument measures in
"1"s then any value between 6
and 7 is measured as "7"
Exercise 2.1
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Exercise 2.2
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