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Lecture #01
By,
Dalila Binti Mohd Harun
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM)
Todays Objectives:
Students will be able to:
- Explain some of the important principles of statics.
- Use the principles to determine internal resultant
loadings in a body.
- Explain the concepts of normal, shear, bearing and
thermal stress.
Topics:
Introduction
Main Principles of Statics
Stress
Normal Stress
Shear Stress
Bearing Stress
Thermal Stress
RIGID BODIES
DEFORMABLE BODIES
FLUIDS
Dynamics :
1 . Kinematics concerned
with the geometric aspects
of the motion
2 . Kinetics concerned
with the forces causing the
motion .
Compressible
Mechanics of Materials :
The study of the relationships
between the external loads
applied to a deformable body and
the intensity of internal forces
acting within the body .
1.1 Introduction
STATICS and
DYNAMICS
MECHANICS OF
MATERIALS
External Loads
Body Force
Developed when one body exerts a force on
another body without direct physical contact
between the bodies.
e.g earths gravitation (weight)
Surface Forces
Caused by direct contact of one body
with the surface of another.
Concentrated force
Axial Load
Normal Stress
Shear Stress
Bearing Stress
Allowable Stress
Deformation of Structural under Axial Load
Statically indeterminate problem
Thermal Stress
Stress
(a)
(b)
Force F / P
Stress
Area
A
Unit: Nm -
N/mm2 or MPa
N/m2 or Pa
Normal Stress,
= P / A
FRz Fz ;
dF d A
A
P A
P
A
= average normal stress at any point
on cross sectional area
P = internal resultant normal force
A = cross-sectional area of the bar
11
Shear Stress
A force acting parallel or tangential to a section taken through a
material (i.e. in the plane of the material) is called a shear force
The shear force intensity, i.e. shear force divided by the area over
which it acts, is called the average shear stress,
= shear stress
V = shear force
A = cross-sectional area
41
V
A
P
d2
42
V
A
P
2P
2
2
d
d
2( )
4
Example 1.9
For the 12 mm diameter bolt shown in the bolted joint below,
determine the average shearing stress in the bolt.
43
Single Shear
ave
P F
A A
Double Shear
P F
ave
A 2A
Example 1.1:
Two solid cylindrical rods AB and BC are welded
together at B and loaded as shown. Knowing that
d1=30mm and d2=20mm, find average normal
stress at the midsection of (a) rod AB, (b) rod BC.
Example 1.2
Two solid cylindrical roads AB and BC are welded
together at B and loaded as shown. Knowing that d1
= 30 mm and d2 = 50 mm, find the average normal
stress in the mid section of (a) rod AB, (b) rod BC.
Strain
Example 1.3:
Determine the corresponding strain for a bar of length
L=0.6m and uniform cross section which undergoes a
deformation =15010-6m.
Example 1.5
The bar shown has a square cross section (20mm x
40mm) and length, L=2.8m. If an axial force of 70kN
is applied along the centroidal axis of the bar cross
sectional area, determine the stress and strain if the
bar end up with 4m length.
70kN
70kN
2.8m
28
29
Stress-Strain Diagrams
and strain
Point A = proportional limit (PL)
The ratio of stress to strain in this linear region
of stress-strain diagram is called Youngs Modulus
or the Modulus of Elasticity given
< PL
Unit: MPa
Point O to A
Point C to D
Point D to E
At point E
31
Some of the materials like aluminum (ductile), does not have clear yield
point likes structural steel. Therefore, stress value called the offset yield
stress, YL is used in line of a yield point stress.
33
34
35
Poisson's Ratio,
When an elastic, homogenous and isotropic material is
axial
L
paksi @ x
L
b
d
sisi @ y
b
d
36
Example 1.7
A prismatic bar of circular cross-section is
loaded by tensile forces P = 85 kN. The bar
has length of 3 m and diameter of 30 mm. It is
made from aluminum with modulus of
elasticity of 70 GPa and poisson's ratio =
1/3. Calculate the elongation and the
decrease in diameter d.
Example 1.8
A 10 cm diameter steel rod is loaded with 862 kN by tensile
forces. Knowing that the E=207 GPa and = 0.29, determine the
deformation of rod diameter after being loaded.
Solution
in rod, =
Axial strain,
Lateral strain,
38
Shear Strain
The effect of shear stress is to distort the shape of a body by
44
Bearing Stress
Bolts, pins and rivets create stress in the
P
M r
2M
b
Ab (h 2) L rhL
Bearing stress in rivet and plate;
P
b
td
45
Shear Modulus
It also known as Shear Modulus of Elasticity or the Modulus of
Rigidity.
Value of shear modulus can be obtained from the linear region
of shear stress-strain diagram.
(Unit : Pa)
E
G
2(1 )
48
Volume Change
Because of the change in the dimensions of a body as a
58
and lateral
Change in volume,
V = Final Volume - Initial Volume
= abc(1 + - 2 ) - abc
= abc(1 + - 2 - 1)
= abc( - 2 )
= Vo (1 - 2)
Hence,
60
y and z.
Since all strain satisfy << 1, so v = x + y + z
x =
1
x ( y z )
E
y =
1
y ( x z )
E
z =
1
z ( x y )
E
1 2
( x y z )
E
Allowable Stress
Applied load that is less than the load the member can fully support.
(maximum load)
One method of specifying the allowable load for the design or analysis of
Allowable-Stress Design
FB FA P 0
In this case, the bar is called statically
indeterminate, since the equilibrium
equation are not sufficient to determine
the reactions.
the relative displacement of one end of the bar
with respect to the other end is equal to zero
since the ends supports are fixed. Hence;
A / B
PL
AE
A B 0
FB FA P 0, FA P FB
Realizing that the internal force in segment AC is +FA, and in segment CB,
the internal force is FB. Therefore, the equation can be written as;
FA L AC FB L CB
0
AE
AE
FA L AC FB L CB
AE
AE
F L
AE
FA B CB
AE
L AC
F L
FA B CB
L AC
F L
P FB B CB
L AC
F L
P B CB FB
L AC
L
P FB CB 1
L AC
L
P FB CB AC
L AC L AC
L L AC
P FB CB
L AC
P FB
L
AC
L
FB P AC
L
Example
Solution:
FX 0,
FA FB 20(103 )N 0................(1)
FB 20(103 ) FA
B / A 0.001m
A B 0.001m
FA L AC FB L CB
0.001m
AE
AE
FA (0.4m )
FB(0.8m)
0.001m
2
2
9
2
9
2
0.0025m 200 10 Nm 0.0025m 200 10 Nm
or
FA (0.4m ) FB (0.8m ) 3927.0N................( 2)
Substitute eq (1)int o eq ( 2)
FA (0.4m ) ( 20, 000N FA )(0.8m) 3927.0N
FA 16.6kN
FB 3.39kN
Example
Answer
Solution:
Fy 0,
FA FC FE 15(103 )N 0................(1)
CCW M C 0
FA ( 0.4) 15(103 )( 0.2) FE ( 0.4) 0 ...........( 2)
0.4
0.8
E
C E A
0. 4
0 .8
0.4A 0.4 E
C
E
0.8
C 0.5 A 0.5 E
FC LCD
1.5 105 E st
FC (0.5)
1.5 105 E st
FA L AB
FE L EF
0.5
0
.
5
5
5
2.5 10 E st
2.5 10 E st
FA ( 0.5)
FE (0.5)
0.5
0
.
5
5
5
2.5 10 E st
2.5 10 E st
10 103 FA 10 103 FE
33.33 103
FC 0.3FA 0.3FE .................eq( 3)
Fy 0,
FA FC FE 15(103 )N 0................(1)
CCW M C 0
FA (0.4) 15(103 )(0.2) FE (0.4) 0 ...........( 2)
FC 0.3FA 0.3FE .................eq(3)
Substitute eq (3) int o eq(1)
FA FC FE 15(10 )N 0................(1)
3
15(103 ) 1.3FA
FE
1. 3
FE 11.538(10 ) FA .......................eq( 4)
3
Thermal Stress
A change in temperature can cause material to change its
dimensions.
If the temperature increases, generally a material expands, whereas
T = T L
where,
=linear coefficient of thermal expansion (unit: 1/C)
T=change in temperature
L=original length of the member
T=change in length of the member
Example
Given: =12x10-6/C
Solution:
FY 0
FA FB F
AB 0
( )
( ) AB T F
T F 0
TL
FL
0
AE
F(1)
0.01 ( 200 10 )
2
F(1)
0.012 ( 200 109 )
F 7.2kN
;
72 MPa
2
A 0.01
Example
Given:
st 12 106 / C
al 23 106 / C
E st 200 109 Pa
E al 73.1 109 Pa
Solution:
Fy 0,
st al ...............................eq (2)
( ) st (st )T (st )F
al (al )T (al )F
(st )T (st )F (al )T (al )F
TL
Fst L
F L
TL al
Ast E
A al E
Fst (0.25)
(0.02) ( 200 10 )
2
Fst (0.25)
251.327 106 )
3.45 104
Fal (0.25)
( 206.685 106 )
1.8 104 9.947 1010 Fst 3.45 104 1.21 109 Fal
9.947 1010 Fst 3.45 104 1.21 109 Fal 1.8 104
Fst
TUTORIAL 1.1
Determine the reactions at A and B for the steel bar and
loading shown, assuming a close fit at both supports
before the loads are applied. ( RA= 323 kN, Rb= 577kN )
Answer
66
TUTORIAL 1.2
Two cylindrical rods, CD made of steel (E=200 GPa) and
AC made of aluminum (E=72 GPa), are joined at C and
restrained by rigid supports at A and D. Determine
(a)
the reactions at A and D (RA=52.9kN, RD= 87.1 kN)
(b)
The deflection of point C (0.086 mm)
Answer
67
TUTORIAL 1.3
At room temperature (21oC) a 0.5 mm gap exists between the ends of
the rods shown. At a later time when the temperature has reached
1600C, determine
(a) The normal stress in the aluminum rod (a =-150.6 MPa)
(b) The change in length of the aluminum rod (a= 0.369 mm)
Answer
69