Real Numbers

Rational and Irrational

Lets look at the relationships between

number sets. Notice rational and irrational
numbers make up the larger number set
known as Real Numbers

A number represents the value or quantity of

something Like how much money you have.. Or
how many marbles you have Or how tall you
are.
As you may remember from earlier grades
there are different types of numbers.

A number line - is an infinitely long line whose

points match up with the real number system.

Here are the rational numbers represented on

a number line.

Integers
The coldest temperature on record in
the U.S. is -80 F, recorded in 1971 in
Alaska

Integers are used to represent real-world

quantities such as temperatures, miles per

hour, making withdrawals from your bank
account, and other quantities. When you know
how to perform operations with integers, you
can solve equations and problems involving
integers.

By using integers, you can express elevations

above, below, and at sea level. Sea level has
an elevation of 0 feet. Badwater Basin in Utah
is -282 below sea level, and Clingmans Dome
in the Great Smokey Mountains is +6,643
above sea level.

If you remember, the whole numbers are the

counting numbers and zero:
0, 1, 2, 3,
Integers - the set of all whole numbers and
their opposites. This means all the positive

integers and all the negative integers

together.

Opposites two numbers that are equal

distance from zero on a number line; also
called additive inverse.
The additive inverse property states that if
you add two opposites together their sum is 0
-3 + 3 = 0

Integers increase in value as you move to the

right along a number line. They decrease in value
as you move to the left. Remember to order
numbers we use the symbol < means less than,
and the symbol > means is greater than.

A numbers absolute value - is its distance from

0 on a number line. Since distance can never be
negative, absolute values are always positive.
The symbol || represents the absolute value of a
number. This symbol is read as the absolute
value of. For example |-3| = 3.

Finding absolute value using a number line is

very simple. You just need to know the
distance the number is from zero. |5| = 5,
|-6| = 6

Lesson Quiz
Compare, Use <, >, or =.
5) The coldest
1) -32 32
temperature ever
2) 26 |-26|
recorded east of the
Mississippi is fifty3) -8 -12
four degrees below
4) Graph the numbers -2, 3,
zero in Danbury,
-4, 5. and -1 on a number
Wisconsin, on January
line. Then list the
24, 1922. Write the
numbers in order from
temperature as an
least to greatest.
integer.

Integer Operations
Rules for Integer Operations

Adding Integers
When we add numbers with the same signs,
1) add the absolute values, and
2) write the sum (the answer) with the sign of the
numbers.
When you add numbers with different signs,
1) subtract the absolute values, and
2) write the difference (the answer) with the sign of
the number having the larger absolute value.

Try the following

problems
1) -9 + (-7) = -16
2) -20 + 15 = -5
3) (+3) + (+5) = +8
4) -9 + 6 = -3

5) (-21) + 21 = 0
6) (-23) + (-7) = -30

Subtracting Integers
You subtract integers by adding its opposite.
9 (-3)
9 + (+3) = +12
-7 (-5)
-7 + (+5) = -2

Try the following

problems
1) -5 4 =
-5 + (-4) = -9
2) 3 (+5) =
3 + (-5) = -2
3) -25 (+25) =
-25 + (-25) = -50
4) 9 3 =
9 + (-3) = +6
5) -10 (-15) =
-10 + (+15) = +5

Multiplying and Dividing Integers

If the signs are the same,
the answer is positive.
If the signs are different,
the answer is negative.

Try the following

problems
Think of multiplication as repeated addition.
3 2 = 2 + 2 + 2 = 6 and 3 (-2) = (-2) + (-2) + (-2) = -6
1) 3 (-3) = Remember multiplication is fast adding
= 3 (-3) = (-3) + (-3) + (-3) = -9
2) -4 2 = Remember multiplication is fast adding
= -4 2 = (-4) + (-4) = -8

Dividing Integers

Multiplication and division are inverse operations. They undo

each other. You can use this fact to discover the rules for
division of integers.

4 (-2) = -8
-8 (-2) = 4
same sign positive

-4 (-2) = 8
8 (-2) = -4
different signs

negative

The rule for division is like the rule for multiplication.

Try the following

problems
1) 72 (-9)
72 (-9)
-8

Think: 72 9 = 8
The signs are different, so the quotient is negative.

2) -144 12
-144 12 Think: 144 12 = 12
-12
The signs are different, so the quotient is negative.
3) -100 (-5)
-100 (-5)

Think: 100 5 = 20

The signs are the same, so the quotient is positive.

Lesson Quiz
Find the sum or difference

Find the product or quotient

1) -7 + (-6) =
2) -15 + 24 + (-9) =
Evaluate x + y for x = -2
and y = -15
3) 3 9 =
4) -3 (-5) =
Evaluate x y + z for
x = -4, y = 5, and z = -10

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

-8 12 =
-3 5 (-2) =
-75 5 =
-110 (-2) =
The temperature in Bar
Harbor, Maine, was -3 F.
During the night, it
dropped to be four times
as cold. What was the
temperature then?

Rational Numbers
Fractions and Decimals

Rational numbers numbers that can be

written in the form a/b (fractions), with
integers for numerators and denominators.
Integers and certain decimals are rational
numbers because they can be written as
fractions.
b
1
2
3
4
5

1/1
1/2
1/3
1/4
1/5

2/1
2/2
2/3
2/4
2/5

3/1
3/2
3/3
3/4
3/3

4/1
4/2
4/3
4/4
4/5

5/1
5/2
5/3
5/4
5/5

Remember you can simplify a fraction into a decimal

by dividing the denominator into the numerator, or
you can reduce a decimal by placing the decimal
equivalent over the appropriate place value.
O.625 = 625/1000 = 5/8

Hint: When given a rational number in decimal

form (such as 2.3456) and asked to write it as a
fraction, it is often helpful to say the decimal
out loud using the place values to help form the
fraction.
2
o
n
e
s

.
a
n
d

3
t
e
n
t
h
s

4
h
u
n
d
r
e
d
T
h
s

5
t
h
o
u
s
a
n
d
t
h
s

6
tent
h
o
u
s
a
n
d
t
h
s

Write each rational number as

a fraction:

Rational number
In decimal form
0.3
0.007
-5.9

Rational number
In fractional form
3/10
7/1000
-59/10

Hint: When checking to see which fraction is

larger, change the fractions to decimals by
dividing and comparing their decimal values.

Which of the given numbers

is greater?
2/3 and 1/4
-7/3 and 11/3

Using full calculator display to

compare the numbers
.6666666667
-2.333333333

> .25

> -3.666666667

Examples of rational numbers are:

6 or 6/1
-2 or -2/1

-5/4
2/3
2/3
21/55
53/83

can also be written as

can also be written as
can also be written as
can also be written as
can also be written as
can also be written as
can also be written as
can also be written as

6.0
-2.0
0.5
-1.25
.66
0.666666
0.38181818
0.62855421687
the decimals will repeat after 41 digits

Examples: Write each rational number as a

fraction:

1)

0.3

2)

0.007

3)

-5.9

4)

0.45

Since Real Numbers are

both rational and irrational
ordering them on a number
line can be difficult if you
dont pay attention to the
details.
As you can see from the
example at the left, there
are rational and irrational
numbers placed at the
appropriate location on the
number line.
This is called ordering real

numbers.

Irrational numbers
2 = 1.414213562
no perfect squares here

Irrational number a number that cannot be

expressed as a ratio of two integers (fraction)
or as a repeating or terminating decimal.
An irrational number cannot be expressed as a
fraction.
Irrational numbers cannot be represented as
terminating or repeating decimals.
Irrational numbers are non-terminating, nonrepeating decimals.

Below are three irrational numbers.

Decimal representations of each of these are

nonrepeating and nonterminating

10
0.101001000

Examples of irrational
numbers are:

= 3.141592654
2 = 1.414213562
0.12122122212
7, 5, 3, 11,
343
Non-perfect squares
are irrational
numbers

Note:
The of perfect
squares are rational
numbers.
25 = 5
16 = 4
81 = 9
Remember: Rational numbers when divided will
produce terminating or repeating decimals.

NOTE:
Many students think that
is a terminating decimal,
3.14, but it is not. Yes,
certain math problems ask
you to use as 3.14, but
that problem is rounding
the value of to make
your calculations easier.
It is actually an infinite
decimal and is an irrational

number.

There are many numbers

on a real number line
that are not rational.
The number is not a
rational number, and it
can be located on a real
number line by using
geometry. The number
is not equal to 22/7,
which is only an
approximation of the
value. The number
is exactly equal to the
ratio of the
circumference of a circle
to its diameter.

Enjoy your Pi