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ON
WIND ENERGY
Application and Types & Design Principle of Wind Mills
by
In India the interest in the wind energy was shown in the last fifties and
early sixties. An important reason for this lack of interest in wind energy
must be that wind, in India are relatively low and very appreciable with the
season.
In India wind speed values lies between 5km/hr to 15-20 km/hr. These low
and seasonal winds imply a high cost of exploitation of wind energy.
Calculation based on the performance of a typical wind mill have indicated
that a unit of energy derived from a wind mill will be atleast several times
more expensive then energy derived from electric distribution lines at the
standard rates, provided such electrical energy is at available at the wind mill
site.
Wind mill is the system which converts the wind energy into useful form of
energy. The wind mill works on the principle of converting kinetic energy of
the wind to mechanical energy.
We know that the kinetic energy of a particle is ;
K.E. = mv2
(1)
The factors which affects the nature of the wind close to the surface of the
earth they are ;
Latitude of the place.
Altitude of the place.
Topography of the place.
Scale of the hour, month or year.
The wind flow in the atmosphere is also improved by some other
parameters.
The best site at off shore and on the sea coast.
The second best sites are in mountains.
The lowest level of the wind energy is found in plains.
Advantages :
Wind machines are generally classified in terms of the orientation of the axis
of rotation of their rotors as horizontal axis machines and vertical axis
machines. In a horizontal axis machine, the rotor axis is horizontal can be
adjusted so that it is parallel to the direction of the wind stream. On the other
hand, in a vertical axis machine, the rotor axis is vertical and fixed, and is
perpendicular to both the surface of the earth and the wind stream.
Wind mills are generally classified as ;
Horizontal axis type.
Vertical axis type.
Rotors :
Various types of rotors used in wind machines are (i) multi-blade type, (ii)
propeller type, (iii) Savonius type, and (iv) Darrieus type. The first two are
used in horizontal axis machines, and the last two in vertical axis machines.
The multi-blades rotor consists of a number of curved sheet metal blades
which increase in width going outwards from the centre. The number of
blades usually ranges from 12 to 20. They are fixed at their inner end to a
circular rim. They are also fixed near their outer edge to a second rim, which
provides support. The diameter of the rotor usually ranges from 2 to 5 m.
In contrast to a multi-blade rotor, the propeller rotor consists of only two or
three blades made from glassfibre reinforced plastic. The blades have
aerofoil sections with a high thickness-to-chord ratio and yield a high lift
relative to the drag. The diameter of the rotor usually ranges from 2 to 25 m.
The Savonius rotor consists essentially of a hollow cylinder (approximately
elliptical in shape) sliced in half, the two halves being fixed to a vertical axis
with a gap in between to make an S-shape. Torque is produced by the
pressure difference between the two sides of the half facing the wind.
A sketch of a propeller type wind machine is shown in Fig. The machine is normally
used for generating electricity, capacities ranging from a fraction of a kilowatt to a
few hundred kilowatts being available. The main elements of the machine as seen
from the outside are the rotor, the nacelle and the tower.
The power extracted from the wind by the blades is transmitted through the hub to a
gear train and then onto a generator and housed inside the nacelle. The nacelle also
houses various control systems. These include the braking mechanism and the roller
assembly permits rotation of the nacelle about a vertical axis and helps to align the
rotor with the direction of the wind.
This design is usually adopted for large capacity machines. In some cases, the
diameter is large enough to permit ascent through an internal staircase. For small
capacity machines, a steel truss design is used.
=
density of air.
The efficiency of a wind generator depends upon the design of a wind rotor and the rotation
speed expressed as the ratio of blades tip speed to wind speed.
The term tip-speed-ratio will be used instead of rotor rpm to help for compare different rotor.
For any given wind speed, higher rpm means higher TSR. If the tip is travelling at 100 mpH in
a 20 mpH, the TSR = 5. Typical values of TSR range from 1 to 15. By using the TSR we can
ignore the rotor rpm and diameter, and consider rotor performance in a more generalised
discussion.
If we know the wind speed, the rotor diameter and its operating RPM you can calculate the
TSR, or speed ratio (SR) at any fixed radius between the centre of rotation and the tip.
Speed ration
2rN
---------------60 V
Power Coefficient :
Cp
Energy available
-------------------------Energy input
Fraction of the available energy that is converted is called the power coefficient.
The power coefficient of an ideal wind machine rotor varies with TSR and approaches
maximum value of 0.59 where TSR reaches, a value of 5 or 6 two blades
0.47
Other design have approx about 0.35.
INSTALLED CAPACITY(MW)
Tamil Nadu
Maharashtra
Karnataka
Rajasthan
Andhra Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh
Gujarat
Others
3492
1487
821
469
122
57
636
3
ONSHORE WINDFARMS
OFFSHORE WINDFARM
1.These are generally more than10 km away from the
land.
2.It is most expensive as compared to onshore and
near shore windfarm.
3.Power is transmitted by the turbines through
undersea cables.
OFFSHORE WINDFARM
(Horns Rev ,Denmark)
COMPONENTS OF WINDFARM
1. The wind turbine.
2. Electrical network.
The Generator
Two basic types of generators are used for the
WTGS. These are synchronous and asynchronous
Wind turbines may be designed with either
synchronous or asynchronous generators, and with
various forms of direct or indirect grid connection of
the generator.
Direct grid connection mean that the generator is
connected directly to the (usually 3-phase) alternating
current grid.
Lattice towers
Lattice towers are
manufactured using
welded steel profiles.
The basic advantage of
lattice towers is cost,
since a lattice tower
requires only half as
much material as a
freely standing tubular
tower with a similar
stiffness
Hybrid towers
Some towers are made
in different
combinations of the
various towers tower
which you see in the
figure which may be
said to be a hybrid
between a lattice tower
and a guyed tower.
Turbine costs
Turbine costs include the following:
Purchase price of the turbine
Shipping
Import duty (for imported turbines)
Concrete and other foundation costs
Labor
Circuit Breaker CB
(ii)
Electrical cost
Fixed costs
(i) Permits: These are required and granted by local government
agencies.
(ii) Zoning: Agricultural land will probably need to be rezoned to
industrial use (or other category) before a permit can be granted.
Fixed Costs
(v)
Engineering Design:
(vi)
Control Building:
Fixed costs
(vii) Maintenance Building: This would be a building or portion of a
building where maintenance and repair operations are conducted. It
should be large enough to house the largest item which might be
repaired. It may need an overhead crane to lift and move parts. This
may be a final assembly building during construction, where tower
pieces are connected together, the blades are bolted to the hub, etc.
(viii) Visitors Center: This might be a part of the Control Building or it
might be a totally separate facility. Careful attention should be given
to this requirement for the first few windfarms in a given part of the
country so that visitors can be properly cared for.
(ix) Meteorological Tower: This would be a tower located near the
(i)
(ii) Access Roads: Gravel roads are needed within the site so the
turbines can be repaired in good weather. A road is also needed
from the site to the nearest all weather road. This could be
substantial expense in remote or mountainous regions.
(iii) Grading: There may be earthwork necessary besides building
roads and parking lots. Sharp peaks or gullies may affect the
wind flow enough to justify some earth leveling activity.
Auxiliary costs
(iv)
Vehicles: A windfarm will probably require one or two
pickup trucks and a larger truck for moving large components
around the site.
(v)
Crane: Windfarms with turbines that tilt over on a hinged
base will not require a crane, but a crane would be very
desirable for turbines that do not tilt over . A crane can
always be rented, but the extensive use of such a machine on a
windfarm could easily justify its purchase.
(vi)
Fence: A windfarm in grazing land would require a
barbed wire fence to keep cattle out. Depending on population
densities and insurance requirements, it may be necessary to
build a fence to keep people out of the windfarm area. Such
a fence would need to be minimum six feet
(i)
(ii) Nearest load centre and nearest distance from the grid.
(iii) Availability of basic infrastructure such as roads and other
aspects such as
(iv) Cost of land, safety considerations and Meteorological
hazards.
Conclusions
THANKS