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H ( z ) b0 b1 z 1 bm z m .
The impulse response is
w
H(ejw)
H ( z ) (1 z ).
1
2
jw
H (e ) (1 e
1
2
jw
).
H(ejw)
ejw
1
2
(1 1)
1
2
(1 j )
-45
-1
1
2
(1 1)
-90
p/2
p
H(ejw)
Frequency Response
0.25
jw
H(e ), x p
-0.25
-0.5
-0.75
0.25
0.5
w, x p
0.75
Frequency Response
0.25
jw
H(e ), x p
-0.25
-0.5
-0.75
0.25
0.5
w, x p
0.75
H ( z) z .
1
2
jw
H (e ) e
1
2
jw
H(ejw)
ejw
1
2
1
2
-63
-1
1
2
-180
p/2
p
H(ejw)
Frequency Response
0.25
H(e w), x p
-0.25
-0.5
-0.75
-1
-1.25
0.25
0.5
w, x p
0.75
H ( z ) b0 b1 z 1.
H (e jw ) b0 b1e jw .
If b0 = b1 = b, we have
H (e jw ) b be jw
b(1 e
jw
be jw / 2 (e jw / 2 e jw / 2 )
2be
jw / 2
cos w2 .
jw
H (e )
w
2
If b0 = -b1 = b, we have
H (e jw ) b be jw
b(1 e
jw
be jw / 2 (e jw / 2 e jw / 2 )
2 jbe
jw / 2
sin w2 .
H (e )
w
2
p
2
H ( z ) 1 z 1.
H ( z ) 1 z 1.
H ( z ) 1 z 1 z 2 z 3 .
H ( z ) 1 z 1 z 2 z 3 .
H ( z ) 1 z 1 z 2 z 3 .
H ( z ) 1 2 z 1 2 z 2 z 3 .
H ( z ) 1 2 z 1 3z 2 3z 3 2 z 4 z 5 .
H ( z ) 1 2 z 1 3z 2 2 z 3 z 4 .
H ( z ) 1 2 z 1 3z 2 2 z 3 z 4 .
H (e ) e
jf (w )
x1 (t ) cos w1t
through this filter. The corresponding output would
be
x2 (t ) cosw 2t
through this filter. The corresponding output would
be
y2 (t ) cos(w 2t f (w 2 )).
x(t ) x1 (t ) x2 (t )
through this filter. The corresponding output would
be
y(t ) y1 (t ) y2 (t )
cos(w1t f (w1 )) cos(w 2t f (w 2 )).
f (w ) w,
then the output would be
y (t ) y1 (t ) y2 (t )
cos(w1t w1 ) cos(w 2t w2 )
cos(w1[t ]) cos(w 2 [t ])
x1 (t ) x2 (t ).
wc
wc
2p
2p
jw
H d (e )
c e
jnw
where
1
cn
2p
H d (w )e jnw dw .
H d ( z)
c z
1
cn
2p
1
2p
p H
p /2
/2
(w )e
(1)e
jnw
jnw
dw
dw
1 1
jnw p / 2
e
p / 2
2p ( jn)
1 1
jnp / 2
jnp / 2
e
e
2p ( jn)
1
np
sin
.
pn
2
H ( z)
n r
z .
H ( z)
n
c
z
n
n 5
c5 z 5 c4 z 4 c3 z 3 c2 z 2 c1 z1
c0 z 0 c1 z 1 c 2 z 2 c3 z 3 c 4 z 4 c5 z 5
1 5 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 5
z
z z z
z
z
5p
3p
p
2 p
3p
5p
Frequency Response
2
1.5
jw
|H(e )|
r = 20
r = 50
r=5
0.5
-0.5
-1
-0.5
w, x p
0.5
H ( z)
w c
n r
n n
z .
We have several types of windows: Hamming, vonHann, or Hanning, Blackman, Kaiser. Such filters
are available through MATLAB via commands like
>> win = hamming(2*r+1);
Frequency Response
2
1.5
jw
|H(e )|
r = 20
r = 50
r=5
0.5
-0.5
-1
-0.5
w, x p
0.5
H ( z)
n r
H ( z) z
'
n r
2r
n r
( n r )
c n r z .
n
n 0
In our previous example for r=5, and wc=p/2 our nonrealizable filter was
H ( z)
1 5 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 5
z
z z z
z
z
5p
3p
p
2 p
3p
5p
H ' ( z)
1
1 2 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 8 1 10
z z z z
z
z
5p 3p
p
2
p
3p
5p