Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
MACHINES
UNIT I
DESIGN OF MACHINES
Design factors
Magnetic circuit
Electric circuit
Dielectric circuit
Thermal circuit
Mechanical parts
LIMITATIONS IN DESIGN
Saturation. The maximum allowable flux density
MODERN TRENDS IN
DESIGN OF ELECTRIC
MACHINES
The process of design of a single machine
MODERN MACHINE
MANUFACTURING
TECHNIQUES
Small size machines (Up to 750 watts )
Medium size machines (Few kW to 250 kW)
Large size machines (250 kW to 5000 kW)
Larger size machines (Hundreds of Mega watts)
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
MATERIALS
Electrical conducting materials. Materials
Copper
Copper is most widely used electrical conductor
Characteristic
Copper
Density kg / m2
8900
Melting point, o C
1083
350
Resistivity, m
0.01724 10 - 6
0.00393
16.7 10 - 6
Specific heat, J / kg - C
390
Specific strength MN / m2
220 - 250
Aluminium
Aluminium is joining ever increasing applications
Properties of Aluminium
Sl. No.
Characteristic
Aluminium
Density kg / m2
2700
Melting point, o C
660
200
Resistivity, m
0.0287 10 - 6
0.0039
Co-efficient of thermal
expansion at 20 C / C
25.5 10 - 6
Specific heat, J / kg - C
920
Specific strength MN / m2
920
Sl. No.
Item
Copper
Aluminium
Cost
0.49 Pc/Pa
Cross section
1.62
Diameter
1.27
Volume
2.04
Weight
0.49
Breaking strength
0.64
manufactured by aluminium.
Super annealed aluminium wires are used in for
stator windings of small motor.
Aluminium is also used for transformer windings.
Now aluminium is used for transformer tanks.
Alloys of copper
Bronze Copper based alloys containing tin,
Material
State
Resistivity
Cadmium
copper (0.9 %
Cd)
Bronze (Cd
0.8 % & Sn
0.6 %)
Beryllium
copper (Be
2.25 %)
Brass (Cu 70
% & Zn 30 %)
Annealed 1.05
Tensile strength
MN / m2
Upto 300
Hard
Upto 715
1.1 to 1.2
1.8 to 2
Upto 715
Annealed 6.0
480 to 590
Hard
3.3
90 to 1080
Annealed 4.0
340 to 510
Hard
Upto 860
4.0
Super conductivity
Very few electromechanical devices are built using
MAGNETIC MATERIAL
1)
Diamagnetic material (Permeability < 1)
Ferro-cobalt
Properties
Mumetal
Permendur
40000
1000
120000
7000
Saturation density, Wb / m2
0.8
2.36
0.47
1.5
Co-ercive force, A / m
0.2
16.0
Co-efficient of linear
expansion, / C
13 10 -6
9 10 -6
Resistivity, m
0.6 10 -6
0.47 10 -6
Density, kg / m2
8800
8050
Specific heat J / kg - C
439
Insulating materials
Insulating materials or insulants are extremely
wood etc.
Class A Materials of class Y impregnated
with natural resins, cellulose esters,
insulating oils, laminated wood and
varnished papers.
Class E Synthetic resin enamels, cotton
and paper laminates with formaldehyde
bonding
Silicones
Epoxide thermo
setting resins
Synthetic resin
Petroleum based
mineral oils
Askarels
Applications of insulating
materials
Wires for magnetic coils and winding of
machines.
Laminations
Machines and transformer
Silk covering
Fibrous glass covering
Asbestos covering
Mica (Class B)
Speed
Output co-efficient