BY

A.SWATHI

CPU
II. Computer Memory and Mass Storage Devices
III. Input Technologies & Output Technologies
I.

I.

CPU

The CPU or Central Processing Unit is the "brain" of the

computer.
Computer CPU's (processors) are composed of thin layers
of thousands of transistors.
Because CPU's are so small, they are often referred to as
microprocessors. So, the terms processor, microprocessor
and CPU are interchangeable.

I. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)

INPUT
DEVICES

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

OUTPUT
DEVICES

MEMORY

EXTERNAL
STORAGE

CPU (contd)
The first microprocessor was the Intel 4004, introduced in

1971. The 4004 was not very powerful; it was primarily

used to perform simple mathematical operations in a
calculator called Busicom.
Over the past 40 years, microprocessors have become faster
and more powerful, yet increasingly smaller and more
affordable.
The manufacturing of a CPU is a highly complex and
demanding process involving multiple hundreds of steps in
cleanrooms. Cleanrooms or manufacturing plants, contain
air which is 1,000 times cleaner than a hospitals operation
theatre . The building of one plant costs approximately $5bn.

Parts of the CPU:

Arithmetic & Logic
Unit

Register Array

Control Unit
The
control
unit
coordinates
the
components
of
a
data computer system.

Carries
out
Stores
mathematical
temporarily
operation
like
addition, subtraction
It quickly accepts,
etc.
store and transfer data
and instruction that
Carries out logical
are used immediately.
operations like AND,
NOT, OR etc

All
computer
resources are managed
by the CU
It directs the flow of
data
between
the
Central
Processing
Unit (CPU) and the
other devices.

CPU (contd)
Microprocessor attributes:
CPU bit width - how many bits it processes in a single

instruction
CPU clock cycles - how many cycles per second the chip
operates at.
CPU execution scores - how many execution cores are in the
chip.
Microprocessor companies: AMD, IBM, Intel, Motorola, SGI and Sun

II. Computer Memory and Mass Storage Devices

INPUT
DEVICES

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

OUTPUT
DEVICES

MEMORY

EXTERNAL
STORAGE

Bits and bytes

All computers are based on the binary number system

A bit or binary digit has one of two values, zero or one

A byte is the smallest addressable unit of memory (8 bits)
American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII).
{Standard 8 bit code used in data communications }
Bit - a binary digit e.g. 1 or 0
Byte - a binary word = 8 bits
1 Kilo Byte = 1024 bytes
1 Mega Byte = 1024 KB
1 Giga Byte = 1024 MB
1 Tera Byte = 1024 GB

Memory (contd)
Computer Memory is a temporary storage area
It holds the data and instructions that the Central Processing Unit
(CPU) needs.
Before a program can be run, the program is loaded from
some storage medium into the memory.
This allows the CPU direct access to the program.
Memory is a necessity for any computer.
Computer storage can be:
Primary Storage:
1. RAM
(Random Access Memory)
2. ROM
(Read Only Memory

Secondary Storage Devices:

1. Hard Drive
2. Floppy Drive
3. Zip Drive
4. USB Drive
5. Compact Disks (CD)
6. DVDs

Read only memory:

Read only memory (ROM) is the permanent memory which is
used to store important control programs and systems software to
perform a variety of functions, such as booting up or starting up
programs. ROM is non-volatile. That means the contents are not
lost when the power is switched off. Its contents are permanently
written at the time of manufacture.
Random access memory:
Random access memory (RAM) is used as the working memory
of a computer system. It stores input data, intermediate results,
programs, and other information temporarily. It can be read and
written. It is volatile, that is all data will be erased when the
power is turned off.

Mass storage devices

Mass storage refers to the storage of large amounts of data in a
persisting fashion.
These include:
tape libraries
RAID systems
hard disk drives
magnetic tape drives
optical disc drives
magneto-optical disc drives
drum memory (historic)
Floppy disk drives (historic)
punched tape (historic)
Mass storage includes devices with removable and non-removable
media. It does not include random access memory (RAM), which
is volatile in that it loses its contents after power loss.

 Hard disk- Is a non-volatile, randomaccess, magnetic data storage device

Introduced by IBM in 1956
Manufacturers - Western Digital, Seagate, and
Toshiba
Do you know what they are loading into
the aircraft ?
In September 1956 IBM launched the
305 RAMAC, the first 'SUPER'
computer with a hard disk drive
(HDD). The HDD, called IBM 350
Disk Storage Unit, weighed over a ton
and stored a 'whopping' 5 MB of data.

 Tape drive - is a data storage

device that reads and writes data on
a magnetic tape
typically used for offline, archival data
storage. Tape media generally has a
favourable unit cost and long archival
stability.
Tape Libraries - is a storage device which
contains one or more tape drives
These devices can store immense amounts of
data, currently ranging from 20 terabytes[1] up
to more than 366 petabytes of data
Eg: Oracle/StorageTek SL8500 tape libraries

RAIDRedundant
Array
of
Independent Disks
a storage technology that combines
multiple disk drive components into a
logical unit.

III. INPUT & OUTPUT DEVICES

INPUT
DEVICES

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

OUTPUT
DEVICES

MEMORY

EXTERNAL
STORAGE

What are Input and Output devices?

Input/ Output devices are required for users to communicate with
the computer.
In simple terms, input devices bring information INTO the
computer and output devices bring information OUT of a
computer system.
These input/output devices are also known as peripherals since
they surround the CPU and memory of a computer system
Input devices

1. Keyboard
2. Point-and-Draw devices
3. Scanner

Output devices:

1. Monitor
2. Printer
3. Plotter

Input devices:
1. Keyboard
It is a text base input device that allows the user to input
alphabets, numbers and other characters.
It consists of a set of keys mounted on a board.
Important Key types:
1. Alphanumeric keys alphabet, numbers and punctuation
2. Modifier keys - are special keys that modify the normal
action of another key, when the two are pressed in
combination. Includes Control key, Shift key and the Alt
key.
3. Navigation keys - include a variety of keys which move the
cursor to different positions on the screen

Parts of a Keyboard:

Point-and-Draw Devices
Used to rapidly point to and select a graphic icon or menu item
from multiple options displayed on the GUI of a screen
Used to create graphic elements on the screen such as lines,
curves and freehand shapes
Common point-and-draw devices include:
Mouse
Track ball
Joy stick
Light pen
Touch screen

Mouse
The mouse is a small device used to point to a particular place on
the screen and select in order to perform one or more actions. It
can be used to select menu commands, size windows, start
programs etc.
The most conventional kind of mouse has two buttons on top:
the left one being used most frequently.
Mouse Actions

Left Click : Used to select an item.

Double Click : Used to start a program or open a file.
Right Click : Usually used to display a set of commands.
Drag and Drop : It allows you to select and move an item from
one location to another.

 Common input device used for video games

Joystick

Used to directly point with it on the screen

to select menu items or icons or directly draw
graphics on the screen
can write with it on a special pad for direct
input of written information to a system

Electronic Pen

Touchscreen

A touchscreen is an easy-to-learn input

device.
Enables users to choose from available
options by touching with their finger on the
desired icon or menu item displayed on the
screen.
Touchscreens can also sense other passive
objects, such as a stylus.
Touchscreens are common in devices such
as
game
consoles,
all-in-one
computers,
tablet
computers,
and Smartphone.

Scanners
Input devices that enable direct data entry into a computer
system from source documents
2 types:

Flat-bed scanners

Handheld scanners

Optical Character Recognition (OCR) device

Scanner
equipped
with
character
recognition software called OCR software
Requires less storage for storing because of
the storage as text rather than an image

Optical Magnetic Recognition (OMR) device

Scanner capable of recognizing
a pre-specified types of mark by
pencil or pen
Used widely to scan the results
of test or surveys

Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)

Used by banking industry for faster processing of large

volumes of cheques
Special ink is used that contains magnetizable particles of iron
oxide

Electronic Card Reader

Electronic cards are small plastic cards
having encoded data appropriate for the
application for which they are used
Electronic card reader is used to read
data encoded on an electronic card and
transfer it to the computer for further
processing
Used in ATMS, Credit cards etc.

Commonly used Output Devices

Monitors
Printers
Plotters

Monitors
Electronic visual display device for computers
Most popularly used output device
Monitors can be based on CRT (Cathode Ray Tube), LCD
(Liquid Crystal Display) or LED (Light Emitting Diode)
technology
The screen resolution denotes the number of pixels that the
screen can show; its usually written like this: 19201080. The
higher the numbers, the higher the resolution, and the more
detail the screen can handle. In general bigger screens should
have higher resolution.

Printers
Most common output devices for producing hard-copy output
Types of printers:
1. Dot-matrix printers form characters and all kinds of
images as a pattern of dots
2. Inkjet printers form characters and all kinds of images
by spraying small drops of ink on the paper
3. Laser printers uses laser technology to print very high
quality output

Dot-matrix

Inkjet

Laser

Plotters
Output device for architects, engineers, city planners and others
who need to routinely generate high-precision, hard copy graphical
output of widely varying sizes
Types of Plotters
1. a drum plotter draws on paper wrapped around a drum
2. a flatbed plotter draws on paper placed on a flat surface

Plotters are much more expensive than printers.

They are most frequently used for CAE (computer-aided
engineering) applications, such as CAD (computer-aided
design) and CAM (computer-aided manufacturing).

Drum plotter

Flat-bed plotter