Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
I. Introduction
actuating
units
actuator
transducers
Process
or plant
sensors
transmitter
Standard signals
operator desk
Variables
Visualization software
SCADA (Supervisory control and data acquisition)
Material flow
Mathematical software, like Matlab, are used preparation the model of the process.
manipulated variables
control signals
actuator
controller
measured variables
a part of these
controlled variables
Process
or plant
transducer
operator desk
measured signals or
detecting signals
a part of these
feedback signals
disturbance variables
Dimensionless technique
manipulated
variable
controlled
variable
action
signal
feedback
signal
max
max
20 mA
20 mA
A/D conversion
control task
D/A conversion
Domain of
variability
4 mA
4 mA
min
min
Continuous signals: 4 20 mA
30 V
24 V
Logical 1, or high
20 mA
max
7V
Logical 0, or low
4 mA
0V
Engineering jobs
instrumentation
measurement (temperature, level, pressure, flow, drive, and so on)
final element (control valves, drivers)
maintenance
Control strategies
Open loop control
One can describe the plant between the manipulated and disturbance
variables and the controlled variables by a precise model and so using the
required measured variables one can develop a control algorithm.
Advantages: There isnt stability problem. This method is so punctual
such as the model, the control action doesnt require an error.
Disadvantages: Sometimes this solution isnt economical.
Process requirements
valve
inflow
difference
of pressure
tank level
outflow
valve
difference
of pressure
tank level
outflow
Open-loop
open loop control: It needs to measure the outflow and the difference pressure know the relation
between the valve position and the actual value of the tank level at an average value of outflow.
feedforward control: It needs to know the relation between the valve position and the actual value of
tank level at different value of outflow, and needs to measure the outflow.
Closed-loop
on/off feedback control: It needs to measure the tank level. If it is higher than the reference value
the valve is closed and when the tank level is lower than the reference value the valve is opened.
modulating feedback control: It needs to measure the level of the tank. The difference between the
reference and feedback signals determine a continuously action signal for the actuating drive
of valve.
inflow
difference
of pressure
outflow
tank level
open loop control: The error in the actual value of the tank level is caused by the difference of the
model of process and the real process.
feedforward control: It needs more measuring to know the relation between the valve position and
the actual value of tank level at different value of outflow, and of course it needs a flow transmitter
and an more expensive controller for complicated task.
on/off feedback control: It has a violent fluctuation of tank level caused by valve on/off. Any delay
in the plant response, which is common in more complex plant, means that the level will continue to
rise even after the upper limit is reached. With very sensitive switch and negligible delay the valve
very frequently fully open and closed.
modulating feedback control: There is the stability problem. Other problem at the stable control
loop is, the performance of the time response isnt adequate for requirements of the technology.
y(t)
y(t)
WP2
WP1
Performance of a block
Frequency transfer function:
G ( j )
x(t )
y ( j )
x ( j )
y(t)
WP2
y (t )
WP1
x( j )
y( j )
x(t)
y (t )
F x(t ) x(t )e jt dt x( j )
y( j )
x( j )
x( j ) x( j )e jt d ( j ) x(t )
j
x(t ) dt K
x(s) x( j )
y (s)
1
{ j }t
L1x( j )
x
(
)
e
d ( j ) 1(t ) x(t )
2j j
Laplace transform
Rules of Laplace transform
L{ f (t )} F ( s)
L{ (t )} 1
L{k f (t )} k F (s)
L{ f (t ) g (t )} F (s) G(s)
L{
df (t )
} sF ( s) f (t )t 0 sF ( s)
dt
L{1(t )}
1
s
L{t1(t )}
1
s2
1
L{ f (t )dt} F ( s)
s
0
s0
is available.
d 2 f (t )
df (t )
2
L{k2
k
f
(
t
)}
k
s
1
0
2 F ( s ) k1sF ( s ) k0 F ( s )
2
dt
dt
x(t)
y(t)
x(j)
y(j)
d 2 y (t )
dy(t )
dx(t )
k2
k1
k0 y (t ) c1
c0 x(t )
2
dt
dt
dt
y( s)
c1s c0
k2 s 2 y ( s ) k1sy ( s ) k0 y ( s ) c1sx ( s ) c0 x( s )
G ( s)
2
x( s ) k2 s k1s k0
Summary questions
Sketch the main structure of process control. What are the points of view to
choose control strategies?
Classify and characterise the control strategies.
Interpret the block diagram representation technique. What is the steady-state
and the dynamic performance of a block. What is the advantages of the
dimensionless technique?
Define the correlation between frequency and time domain. How we can use
the Laplaces transform method?
Sketch the detailed block diagram of a single loop, compensator in cascade,
closed loop system, and define the blocks, signals, and variables.
Highlight the role of the transmitter in a control system. What are the linearity,
sensitivity, repeatability, and accuracy of a transmitter?