SUMMARY

PARTS OF DISCOVERER
THE ATOM
/YEAR

EXPERIMENT

Joseph John Cathode Ray

Thomson
ELECTRON
Tube
(1897)
Experiment

NUCLEUS

NEUTRON

Ernest
Rutherford
(1911)

Gold Foil
Experiment

James
Chadwick
(1932)

Bombardment
of thin sheet of
beryllium with
alpha particles

PROPOSED
ATOMIC MODEL
Plum Pudding
Model/
Raisin Bread
Model
Nuclear Model of
the Atom
(Rutherford Model
of the Atom)
---

Eugen Goldstein
German physicist who discovered the
proton.

properties of the three key subatomic particles

CHARGE
PARTICLE

MASS (g)
COULOMBS

PROTON

1.673 X 10-24 +1.602 X 10-19

NEUTRON

1.675 X 10-24

ELECTRON 9.109 X 10-28

-1.602 X 10-19

UNIT
CHARGE

LOCATION
IN ATOM

+1

nucleus

nucleus

-1

Outside
the
nucleus

Atomic number
Mass number
isotopes

Atomic number
-Atomic number (Z) is the number of protons
in the nucleus of each atom of an element
-In a neutral atom, the number of proton is
equal to the number of electrons, so the
atomic number also indicates the number of
electrons present in the atom
-The chemical identity of an atom can be
determined solely from its atomic number.

https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/buil
d-an-atom/latest/build-anatom_en.html

mass number
- Mass number (A) is the total number of
protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an
atom of an element.
Mass number = number of protons + number of neutrons

Mass number = atomic number + number of neutrons

Number of neutrons
- The number of neutrons is equal to the
difference between the mass number and
the atomic number (A Z)

Mass number = proton + neutron

EXAMPLE
-The mass number of a particular boron atom is 12
and the atomic number is 5. What is the number
of neutrons of this atom?
Given:
Mass number (A) = 12
Atomic number (Z) = 5
Number of neutrons = A Z
= 12 5
=7

DALTONS ATOMIC THEORY

1. Matter is composed of tiny indivisible spheres
called atoms.
2. Atoms of the same element are identical,
but atoms of one element are different from
those of all other elements.

3. Atoms cannot be created nor destroyed during a

chemical change.
4. Atoms of different elements combine in simple
whole number ratios to form compounds.

ISOTOPES
-Atoms of a given element do not all have the
same mass. Most elements have two or more
ISOTOPES, atoms that have the same atomic
number but different mass number.

Example:
There are three isotopes of HYDROGEN:
Protium 1 proton and no neutron
Deuterium 1 proton and 1 neutron
Tritium 1 proton and 2 neutrons

The accepted way to denote the atomic

number and mass number of an atom of
an element (X) is as follows:

Mass number

A
atomic number

Mass number

A
atomic number

Thus, for the

isotopes of
hydrogen,
we write:

With the exception of hydrogen, which has

different names for each of its isotopes, isotopes
of elements are identified by their mass
numbers.

Example:
The two common isotopes of Uranium
with mass numbers 235 and 238:
235

92

Name: Uranium-235
Pronounced as
uranium two thirty-five

238

92

Name: Uranium-238
Pronounced as
uranium two thirty-eight

ISOTOPES OF CARBON:

SYMBOL
11

C
12
6C
6

13
6

14

6C

NAME

NUMBER OF NUMBER OF NUMBER OF

PROTONS ELECTRONS NEUTRONS

Carbon - 11

Carbon - 12

Carbon - 13

Carbon - 14

IMPORTANT CONCEPTS
- The chemical properties of an element
are determined primarily by the protons
and electrons in its atoms; neutrons do
not take part in chemical changes under
normal conditions:
- Isotopes of the same elements have
similar chemistries, forming the same
types of compounds and displaying
similar reactivities

PRACTICE
Give the number of protons, neutrons
and electrons in each of the following
species:
Recall:

a.) 20

Na

11

Superscript = mass number (A)

Subscript = atomic number (Z)
Protons = 11
Neutrons = 20 11 = 9
Electrons = 11

PRACTICE
Give the number of protons, neutrons
and electrons in each of the following
species:
Recall:

b.) 22

Na

11

Superscript = mass number (A)

Subscript = atomic number (Z)
Protons = 11
Neutrons = 22 11 = 11
Electrons = 11

PRACTICE
Give the number of protons, neutrons
and electrons in each of the following
species:
Recall:

c.) 17
8

Superscript = mass number (A)

Subscript = atomic number (Z)
Protons = 8
Neutrons = 17 8 = 9
Electrons = 8

PRACTICE
Give the number of protons, neutrons
and electrons in each of the following
species:
Recall:

c.) 14
6

Superscript = mass number (A)

Subscript = atomic number (Z)
Protons = 6
Neutrons = 14 6 = 8
Electrons = 6

COMPLETE THE TABLE:

ATOMIC
MASS
NUMBER NUMBER
NUMBER
OF
OF
OF
SYMBOL NUMBER NUMBER
PROTONS NEUTRONS ELECTRONS
(Z)
(A)

Br
Li
N

Ne

35
3
7
10

80
7

35
3

14
19

7
10

45
4
7

35
3

7
10

COMPLETE THE TABLE:

ATOMIC
MASS
NUMBER NUMBER
NUMBER
OF
OF
OF
SYMBOL NUMBER NUMBER
PROTONS NEUTRONS ELECTRONS
(Z)
(A)

Al
Cu
I
Cl

13
29
53
17

27
64

13
29

127
35

53

14
35
74

17

18

13
29

53
17

REFERENCES
Chang, Raymond. 2010. Chemistry (10th edition). McGrawHill Companies, Inc.
Tillery, Bill. 2012. Physical Science (9th edition). McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc.

https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/build-anatom/latest/build-an-atom_en.html
http://atomic-hair.net/atom.gif
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1600/boron.gif
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Pr
otium_deuterium_tritium.jpg