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Microwaves
An electromagnetic waves with frequencies that ranges
from approximately 500 MHz to 300 GHz or more. And
its wavelengths fall between 1cm and 60 cm.
Wavelength
The distance between
repeating units of a
propagating wave of a
given
frequency.
Designated by lambda
().
Applications of Microwave:
1. Telephone communications.
2. Radar
3. Space Communications
4. Heating
Microwave Parameters:
A. Free Space Path Loss, LFS
It is the loss that would be obtained between two
isotropic antennas in free space, where there are no
ground influences or obstructions.
It is defined as a loss incurred by an electromagnetic
wave as it propagates in a straight line through a
vacuum with no absorption or reflection of energy from
nearby objects.
Microwave Parameters:
B. Parabolic Antenna Gain, G
General Equation:
11
Microwave Parameters:
Antenna Gain for Typical Values of (0.55 to 0.75):
Microwave Parameters:
Parabolic Antenna Gain for Typical Values of (0.55
to 0.75) in English system:
13
Microwave Parameters:
C. Fade Margin, FM
It is an attenuation allowance so that anticipated
fading will still keep the signal above specified
minimum RF input.
It considers the nonideal and less predictable
characteristics of a radio wave propagation such as
multipath propagation and terrain sensitivity.
14
Microwave Parameters:
Fade Margin in Metric system:
FM 130 30 log
FM 70 30 log
10
10
10 log
( km)
( km)
10 log
(6abf
10
10
(6abf
( MHz )
(GHz )
) 10 log
) 10 log
10
10
(1 R)
(1 R)
10
10
d
d
( mi )
( mi )
10 log
10 log
10
10
(6abf
(6abf
( MHz )
(GHz )
) 10 log
) 10 log
10
10
(1 R)
(1 R)
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Microwave Parameters:
where:R = propagation reliability
Values for a
Description
4.0
1.0
0.25
Microwave Parameters:
Values for b
Description
0.50
0.25
0.125
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Microwave Parameters:
D. System Reliability Estimates
D.1. Propagation Reliability for Non-diversity Systems:
R 1 Undp x100%
where: Undp = the path unavailability or
fade probability
Undp abf
1.5
d (1.25 x10
) x10
FM / 10
Diversity
It suggests that there is more than one transmission path
or method of transmission available bet. a transmitter
and a receiver. Its purpose is to increase the reliability of
the system by increasing its availability
Frequency diversity
It simply modulates two different RF carrier frequencies
with the same information. At the destination, both are
demodulated but the one yields the better quality is
selected.
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Diversity
Space diversity
The output of a transmitter is fed to two or more
antennas that are physically separated by an
appreciable number of wavelengths.
Receiver diversity
It is using more than one receiver for a single RF
channel.
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Microwave Parameters:
D. System Reliability Estimates
D.2. Propagation Reliability for Diversity Systems:
R (1 U div ) x100%
where: Udiv = the path unavailability or
fade probability
U
div
U
I
ndp
div
Microwave Parameters:
D. System Reliability Estimates
D.3. Equipment Reliability:
R (1 U ) x100%
MTTR
U
MTBF
where: MTTR = mean time to repair
MTBF = mean time before failure
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Microwave Parameters:
E. Received Signal Level, RSL
It is the difference from the nominal transmitter
output, antenna transmit and receive gain, from that
of the fixed losses of transmit and receive side and its
path loss.
RSL Po(dBm) L
TX
FS
RX
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Microwave Parameters:
where:LFS = Free Space Loss in dB
Po(dBm) = Transmitter Output Power in dBm
RSL = FM + Threshold (receiver)
where:
FM = Fade Margin in dB
Threshold (receiver) = receiver minimum RF
input in dBm; Cmin
C
C min N ;
N KTB
N
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Microwave Parameters:
F. System Gain, Gs (dB)
It is the difference between the nominal output power
of a transmitter and the minimum rf input power to a
receiver.
G
P
o ( dBm)
min . RF input
(dBm)
input (dBm)
losses gains
25
Microwave Parameters:
G
s ( dB )
FM
dB
FS ( dB ) L f ( dB ) Lb ( dB ) GT ( dB ) G R ( dB )
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28
F1( m) 17.3
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F1( ft ) 2280
d1( mi ) d 2( mi )
f ( MHz ) D( mi )
F1( ft ) 72.1
d1( mi ) d 2( mi )
f (GHz ) D( mi )
Fn F1 n
Fc 0.6F1
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H. Passive Repeater
Gain of a Passive Repeater
4A cos
G p ( dB ) 20 log
( dB ) GT
LFS1 G p LFS 2 G R
Example:
A plane passive reflector 10x16 ft is erected
21 miles from one active site and only 1 mile from
the other and = 50. The operating frequency is
2000 MHz. Determine the net path loss of the
system.
32
Example:
In a microwave communication system with a
normal temperate and average terrain has the
following parameters:
a. Operating frequency = 4 GHz
b. Path length = 25 mi
c. Tx/Rx antenna diameter = 3 ft.
d. Transmitter Output Power = 1 W
e. Threshold(receiver) = - 80 dBm
f. Tx total insertion loss = 5 dB
g. Rx total insertion loss = 4 dB
Deermine: LFS(dB) , FM(dB) & % Reliability
33
Waveguides
It is a conducting tube through which the energy is
transmitted, in the form of electromagnetic waves.
It is an alternative to cable for frequency of 1 Ghz and
above.
34
Electromagnetic Wave
It is made up of magnetic and electric fields that are at
right angles to each other and at right angles to the
direction of propagation. It travels in a straight line at
approximately the speed of light.
35
Modes of Propagation
distribution of energy
Format: TEm,n
where: n = indicates the no. of half wave variation
of the electric field along the y or b
(height) dimension.
m = indicates the no. of half wave variation
of the electric field along the x or a
(width) dimension.
37
Types of Waveguides:
A. Rectangular used when energy must be coupled
from the source to a load and both are fixed in place
since they are smaller than circular waveguides for a
given wavelength.
General formula for
cut off wavelength, c:
2
2 n 2
y
2x
c
m
39
2x
2r
c
K
Key wavelength
waveguide:
formula
for
rectangular/circular
Rectangular Circular
Cut off wavelength
2x
3.41r
Longest transmitted
with little attenuation
1.6x
3.2r
1.1x
2.8r
42
Group Velocity, Vg
The actual speed at which
a signal travels down the
guide.
V g Vc 1
Phase Velocity, Vp
The rate at which the
wave appears to move
along the wall of the
guide.
Vc
Vp
377
TM mode:
Z0
377
Example:
A 6 GHz signal is to be propagated in a waveguide
whose width is 7.5 cm. Calculate the characteristic
impedance for TE1,0 mode and TM1,1 mode if the
thickness is 3.75 cm.
44
Example:
A 6 GHz signal is to be propagated in the dominant
mode in a rectangular waveguide if its group velocity
is to be 90% of the speed of light, what must be width
of the guide?
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