STRATEGIES

FOR
ENHANCEMENT
IN FOOD
PRODUCTION

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
It deals with the care and breeding of lives

stock.
It is estimated that more than 70 % of the
world livestock population is in India and
China, but its contribution to farm produce is
only 25%
Hence, in addition to conventional practices
of animal husbandry, new technologies must
be applied to achieve improvement in quality
and productivity.

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
It deals with the care and breeding of lives

stock.
It is estimated that more than 70 % of the
world livestock population is in India and
China, but its contribution to farm produce is
only 25%
Hence, in addition to conventional practices
of animal husbandry, new technologies must
be applied to achieve improvement in quality
and productivity.

DAIRY FARM MANAGEMENT

Milk yield is dependent on the quality of

breeds.
Selection of good breeds with resistance is
very important.
Care of cattle includes.
1.Proper shelter.
2.Balanced feeding.
3.Sufficient quantity of water.
4.Cleaniness and hygiene of cattle and
handlers.

POULTRY FARM MANAGEMENT.

Poultry includes chicken ,ducks , turkey and

geese.
The important components are
1.Selection of diseases free and suitable breeds.
2.Proper feed and water
3. Proper and safe farm conditions.
4.Hygiene and health care of the birds.

Emu

Turkey

Turkey

Geese

BEE- KEEPING/ APICULTURE.

Honey bees are maintained for the production of

honey and beeswax.

Honey is used as food of high nutritive value and
medicine .
Beeswax is used in industry for the preparation of
cosmetics and polishes.
The most common species of honey bee is
Apis indica.
Beekeeping can be practiced in any area.
Beehives can be kept in any place.

Beekeeping requires the followings

1.Knowledge of nature and habits of bees.

2.Selection of suitable location.

3.Catching and hiving of swarms.
4.Management of beehives in different seasons.

5. Handling and collection of honey and beeswax

Bees are the pollinators of many crop plants and

increases pollination efficiency and thereby increases

the yield.

FISHERIES
It is an important industry because

1. A large number of people depend of fish and fish

products.
2.It provide income and employment.
3. Fish liver oil are of medicinal value.
Ex. fresh water fishes- catla, rohu, common carp etc.
Ex marine fishes- Hilsa, sardine mackerel,
pomfrets.

sardine

hilsa

mackerel

pomfrets

catla

rohu

ANIMAL BREEDING
AIM- 1.Increasing the quantity of yield.

2.Improving the quality of produce.

TYPES OF ANIMAL BREEDING.

INBREEDING

OUTCROSSING

OUTBREEDING

CROSS-BREEDING INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDISATION

INBREEDING
It is the process of mating between close relatives of

the same animal breed.

The progeny of such breed are evaluated and
superior males and females are identified for further
mating.
Inbreeding causes homozygocity and thus inbreeding
is necessary for evolving a pure line .
Inbreeding exposes harmful recessive alleles, which
become eliminated by selection.
It also helps in accumulation of superior genes.

 Continuous inbreeding causes inbreeding

depression,(Loss of fertility and productivity) that

reduces fertility and productivity.
To overcome inbreeding depression the selected
animals of the breeding population are mated with
unrelated superior animals of the same breed to
restore fertility and yield.

OUT BREEDING
Out breeding is the mating of unrelated animals of

the same breed or of different breeds or even

different species.
1.Out crossing- It is the practice of mating of
animals of the same breed, but that have no common
ancestors on either side of their pedigree up to 4-6
generations.
The offspring-outcross
A single out cross helps to overcome inbreeding
depression.
It is the best breeding method for animals that are
average in productivity and growth rate.

CROSS-BREEDING.
It is a method of out breeding in which superior

males of one breed are mated with the superior

females of another breed of same species.
It helps in combining the desirable qualities of two
different breeds.
The hybrid progeny may be used for commercial
production
Ex. Hisardale, new breed of sheep developed by
crossing Bikaneri ewes and Marino rams.

INTER SPECIFIC HYBRIDISATION

It is a method of out breeding in which male and

female animals of two different species are crossed to

combine the desirable features of both the parents
into one.
Ex. Mule.

ZEEDONK(male-zebra +female donkey)zonky.

MULE(Female horse and male donkey)sterile

TIGON(male tiger and female lion(fertile)

TIGON

Hinny(male horse+female donkey)

Zebra hinny(male donkey + female zebra)sterile

Liger (male lion +female tiger)-fertile

ARTIFICIAL HYBRIDISATION
It is the process in which the semen collected from a

superior male is injected into the reproductive tract

of the selected female by the breeder.
Advantages.
1.Semen can be used immediately or stored for
future use.
2. Semen can be transported in frozen form to
distant place.
3. Semen of a selected male can be used on a
number of females.
Disadvantage-Success rate is fairly low.

MULTIPLE OVULATION EMBRYO

TRANSFER.(MOET)
It is the method to improve the herds.

Steps.
1.A cow is administered with FSH hormone to

induce follicular maturation and super

ovulation.(super ovulation is the production of 6-8
ova in one cycle.).
2.The cow is mated with selected bull or artificially
inseminated.
3.The fertilized egg at 8-32 celled stages are
recovered and transferred to surrogate mother.

 Advantages
1. This technology has been use for cattle, rabbits

and mare.
2.It has been used for developing high milk yielding
breeds of females and high quality meat yielding
bulls.
This technology has been used to increase the herd
size in short time.

PLANT BREEDING
It is the purposeful manipulation of plant species in

order to create desired plant types that are suited for

cultivation, better yield and disease resistance.
NEED OF PLANT BREEDING.
1.To overcome limited biomass.
2. Enhance food for human and animals.

GREEN REVOLUTION
It is the development of high yielding and

disease resistant varieties in wheat, rice,

maize etc.
Plant breeding technique are used in green
revolution.
Father of green revolution NORMAN .E.
BORLAUG. He introduced semi dwarf
varieties of wheat.
Father of green revolution in India
Dr.M.S.Swaminathan.

STEPS IN PLANT BREEDING

1.Collection of genetic variability .Variability in genes

are available in wild relatives of crop.

Collection of all diverse alleles for all genes of a
given crop is called germplasm.
2.Evaluation and selection of parents. After evaluating
germplasm , parent plants are selected and
multiplied for future use in hybridisation.
3.Cross hybridisation among selected parents. Two
plants having two desired characters are hybridized
to get new hybrid having two desired characters.
4.Selection and testing of superior
recombinants-Selection of the plants having

 Green revolution - Crop production.

White revolution - Milk production

Blue revolution - Fish production

Biofortification-Breeding crops with higher levels

of proteins, vitamins and minerals e.g.vit C rich

bitter gourd,mustard,tomato; protein rich beans
lablab etc.
SCP (Single cell protein )-Microbes such as bacteria,
yeast, algae are treated in various ways and used as
food. Eg-spirulina can be grown in waste water(from
potato processing plant)

Tissue culture- cultured with any plant part called

explant.

 . Protoplast culture and somatic

hybridization- The plant cell lacking cell wall is

protoplast. Fusion of protoplast is done by
Polyethylene glycol. Pomato is somatic hybrid of
potato and tomato.
3.Micropropagation-Tissue culture technique
used for rapid vegetative propagation of ornamental
plants and fruit trees
4.Somaclone-Plants obtained from single plants by
vegetative propagation.

POMATO

pomato

 I MARK

Q1.Name two techniques involved in controlled

breeding experiments.
Q2.What is blue and green revolution?
Q3. What is inbreeding depression?
Q4. What is Heterosisor hybrid vigour?
Q5.Name the Indian variety of rice patented by an
American company.
Q6.What is Pomato?
Q7 .Name the algae used as protein rich food.
Q8.Expand-MOET and SCP.

 2 MARK

Q1. What is Biofortification?

Q2.Which part of the plant is best suited for making

virus free plants?

Q3.What is breed? What are the objectives of animal
breeding?
Q4.Define out-crossing? Suggest an advantage.
Q5.What is artificial insemination?what is its
importance?
Q6. What are the differences between aqua and
pisciculture?

 3MARKS QUESTIONS

Q1.What does inbreeding mean? Suggest its

advantages. What is the danger of inbreeding?

Q2.Name the methods employed in animal breeding.
Which method is the best? Why?
Q3. Explain the procedure of MOET technique in
cattle.
Q4. What is interspecific hybridization ?Give one
example of crop in which it practiced and mention
one advantage.
Q5. What is cross-breeding ?what advantages does it
have? Give example

 5 MARKS QUESTIONS

Q1. Explain the points that have to be considered for

successful bee- keeping?

Q2. Write the scientific name of sugarcane grown in
north and south India respectively. Mention their
characteristic features. Mention the characteristic of
the hybrid produced by crossing these two varieties .
Hint :North Saccharumbarberi. South
Saccharumofficinarum . High yield , thick stems ,
higher sugar content , ability to grow in both North
and South India
Q 3. Describe various steps involved in plant

Definitions

ANIMAL BREEDING :- Mating or crossing of

animals to improve the desirable qualities

and yield or produce.
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY :- The agricultural
practice of breeding and raising livestock e.g.
buffaloes, cows, pigs, horses, sheep, camel
etc including poultry and fisheries.
APICULTURE :- Bee keeping for production
of honey.
BREED :- A group of animals related by
descent and similar in most characters, like

 PLANT BREEDING :- The purposeful

manipulation of plant species (Crop) to

create desired plants best suited for
cultivation, give better yields and are
disease resistant.
SCP OR SINGLE CELL PROTEINS :Industrially or commercially produced
edible proteins by culturing suitable
micro organisms on large scale for
nutrition for animals and human beings.

Assignment Questions
1.During a meristem culture some explants were kept

in culture medium conrtaining more of auxins than

cytokinins. Which organ of the plant is expected to
differentiate from the callus?
2.Why hybrids of selected parents are self pollinated
till a state of homozygosity?
3.To which product is blue revolution related?
5.Artificial insemination is a better approach than
natural mating. Justify

 1.Clones are identical each other ?Is there any social

implications of human cloning?

2.A technique by which cattle herd is increased in
number in short period of time.name and describe it.
3. Why do we use apical and axillary meristems for
tissue culture?
4. If your family owned a dairy farm, what measure
would you undertake to improve the quality and
quantity of milk production?
5. Biofortification can solve the problems of
hidden hunger to a large extent. Prove it?

 6. Insect/pest resistance in plants can be due to

morphological, chemical or physiological features.

Give one example each of the features and the
species n which it is found?
1.What is reference material for comparison of any

improved variety?
2.For which amino acid maize is biofortified?
3. Some time the disease resistance gene is present
in the wild relative of crop plant. Give an example of
crop plant where the resistance gene is present in its
wild relative and name the wild relative

 What is interspecific hybridization ?

Q2 What should be done when inbreeding

depression becomes a problem ?

Q3 Name any five hybrid varieties of crop plants
which have been developed in India .
Q4 What are the commonly used growth regulators
in plant tissue culture ? What for they are required ?
Q5 Define germplasm . How is it maintain ?