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Protection
GE Multilin
Outline
Transmission Lines
A Vital Part of the Power System:
Provide path to transfer power between generation and load
Operate at voltage levels from 69kV to 765kV
Deregulated markets, economic, environmental requirements
have pushed utilities to operate transmission lines close to their
limits.
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November-26-14
Transmission Lines
Classification of line length depends on:
Source-to-line Impedance Ratio (SIR),
and
Nominal voltage
Length considerations:
Short Lines: SIR > 4
Medium Lines: 0.5 < SIR < 4
Long Lines: SIR < 0.5
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November-26-14
Current differential
Phase comparison
Permissive Overreach Transfer Trip (POTT)
Directional Comparison Blocking (DCB)
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November-26-14
Phase comparison
Directional Comparison Blocking (DCB)
Permissive Underreach Transfer Trip (PUTT)
Permissive Overreach Transfer Trip (POTT)
Unblocking
Step Distance
Step or coordinated overcurrent
Inverse time overcurrent
Current Differential
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November-26-14
Phase comparison
Directional Comparison Blocking (DCB)
Permissive Underreach Transfer Trip (PUTT)
Permissive Overreach Transfer Trip (POTT)
Unblocking
Step Distance
Step or coordinated overcurrent
Current Differential
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November-26-14
I*Z
V=I*ZF
I*Z - V
RELAY (V,I)
8/
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November-26-14
I*Z
V=I*ZF
I*Z - V
RELAY (V,I)
9/
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November-26-14
RELAY
10 /
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November-26-14
Lin
e
System
Voltage at the relay:
VR VN
f LOC [ PU ]
f LOC [ PU ] SIR
Voltage
(%)
Voltage change
(%)
75%
88.24
2.76
90%
90.00
0.91
100%
90.91
N/A
110%
91.67
0.76
11 /
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November-26-14
VR VN
f LOC [ PU ]
f LOC [ PU ] SIR
Consider SIR = 30
Fault location
Voltage
(%)
Voltage change
(%)
75%
2.4390
0.7868
90%
2.9126
0.3132
100%
3.2258
N/A
110%
3.5370
0.3112
12 /
GE /
November-26-14
30
voltage, V
20
C1
steady-state
output
10
0
-10
3
CVT output
C2
Secondary Voltage
Output
-20
2
-30
0
2
power cycles
4
8
13 /
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November-26-14
60
voltage, V
40
C1
steady-state
output
20
0
-20
3
CVT
output
C2
Secondary Voltage
Output
-40
2
-60
2
power cycles
4
8
14 /
GE /
November-26-14
vA
vB
100
vC
80
20
0
-20
-40
-60
-80
-100
-0.5
0.5
1.5
50
SPOL
Sorry Future (unknown)
-50
iA
4
SOP
3
Current [A]
Voltage [V]
40
60
-100
0.5
1.5
power cycles
1
0
iB, iC
-1
-2
-3
-0.5
-0.5
0.5
1.5
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November-26-14
Transient Overreach
Fault current generally contains dc offset in
addition to ac power frequency component
Ratio of dc to ac component of current
depends on instant in the cycle at which fault
occurred
Rate of decay of dc offset depends on
system X/R
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17 /
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November-26-14
18 /
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November-26-14
Z1
End Zone
XL
R
XC
15
34
42
Actual Fault
Location
44
Reactance [ohm]
10
30
dynamic mho
zone extended
for high SIRs
Line
Impedance
5
18
22
Trajectory
(msec)
0
26
-5
-10
-5
0
Resistance [ohm]
5
10
Impedance
locus
may pass
below the origin of the Z-plane this would call for a time delay
to obtain stability
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November-26-14
21 /
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November-26-14
22 /
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November-26-14
X
Delayed
Trip
Instantaneous
Trip
R
23 /
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November-26-14
24 /
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November-26-14
25 /
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November-26-14
30ms
20ms
15ms
26 /
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November-26-14
LL faults
3P faults
27 /
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November-26-14
100
90
Relay 3
80
70
60
50
40
Relay 2
30
20
Relay 1
10
0
10
15
SIR
20
25
30
28 /
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November-26-14
29 /
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November-26-14
Mho Characteristics
Traditional
Directional angle
slammed
Directional
angle lowered
and slammed
Both MHO and
directional angles
slammed (lens)
30 /
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November-26-14
Load Swings
+XL
+ = LOOKING INTO LINE
normally considered
forward
Load
Trajectory
Operate
No Operate area
area
+R
31 /
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November-26-14
Load Swings
Lenticular
Characteristic
Load swing
32 /
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November-26-14
33 /
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November-26-14
Blinders
Blinders limit the operation of distance relays
(quad or mho) to a narrow region that parallels
and encompasses the protected line
Applied to long transmission lines, where
mho settings are large enough to pick up on
maximum load or minor system swings
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November-26-14
Quadrilateral Characteristics
35 /
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November-26-14
Quadrilateral Characteristics
Ground Resistance
(Conductor falls on ground)
R
36 /
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November-26-14
Quadrilatera
l
R
Standard for phase
elements
37 /
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November-26-14
38 /
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November-26-14
Memory Polarization
> Positive-sequence memorized voltage is used for
polarizing:
Mho comparator (dynamic, expanding Mho)
Negative-sequence directional comparator (Ground
Distance Mho and Quad)
Zero-sequence directional comparator (Ground
Distance MHO and QUAD)
Directional comparator (Phase Distance MHO and
QUAD)
> Memory duration is a common distance settings (all zones,
phase and ground, MHO and QUAD)
39 /
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November-26-14
Memory Polarization
Static MHO characteristic (memory not established or
expired)
jX
ZL
R
ZS
40 /
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November-26-14
Memory Polarization
jX
ZL
RL
R
ZS
41 /
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November-26-14
Choice of Polarization
In order to provide flexibility modern distance
relays offer a choice with respect to
polarization of ground overcurrent direction
functions:
Voltage polarization
Current polarization
Dual polarization
42 /
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November-26-14
43 /
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November-26-14
Distance Schemes
Pilot Aided
Schemes
Non-Pilot Aided
Schemes
(Step Distance)
Communication
between Distance
relays
No Communication
between Distance
Relays
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November-26-14
Z1
Remote
46 /
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November-26-14
Z1
End
Zone
Z1
Remote
47 /
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November-26-14
Breaker
Tripped
Breaker
Closed
Z1
Remote
48 /
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November-26-14
Z1
Z2 (time delayed)
Remote
49 /
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November-26-14
Z3 (remote backup)
Z2 (time delayed)
Z1
50 /
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November-26-14
51 /
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November-26-14
Remote Relay Z4
Local Relay
Remote Relay
Zone 2 PKP
Zone 4 PKP
52 /
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November-26-14
Local
Relay
Remote Relay
Communication
Channel
53 /
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November-26-14
55 /
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November-26-14
DUTT Scheme
Zone 1
Bus
Bus
Line
Zone 1
58 /
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November-26-14
Permissive Underreaching
Transfer Trip (PUTT)
Requires both under (RU) and overreaching
(RO) functions
Identical to DUTT, with pilot tripping signal
supervised by RO (Zone 2)
59 /
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November-26-14
PUTT Scheme
Zone 2
Zone 1
To protect end of
line
Bus
Bus
Line
Zone 1
Zone 2
Rx PKP
Zone 2
Local Trip
&
OR
Zone 1
60 /
GE /
November-26-14
POTT Scheme
Zone 2
Zone 1
Bus
Bus
Line
Zone 1
Zone 2
(Z1)
Tx
Zone 1
(Z1)
OR
Rx
AND
Zone 2
Trip
Line
Breakers
t
o
62 /
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November-26-14
POTT Scheme
POTT Permissive Over-reaching Transfer
Trip
End
Zone
Communication
Channel
63 /
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November-26-14
POTT Scheme
Local Relay
FWD IGND
Local Relay Z2
Remote
Relay FWD
IGND
Remote Relay Z2
TRIP
Communicatio
n Channel
POTT RX
Local Relay
ZONE 2 PKP
OR
Ground Dir OC Fwd
POTT TX
ZONE 2 PKP
Remote Relay
OR
Ground Dir OC Fwd
64 /
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November-26-14
POTT Scheme
POTT RX 2
POTT RX 3
POTT RX 4
Local Relay
Communications
Channel(s)
POTT RX 1
POTT TX 1 A to G
POTT TX 2 B to G
POTT TX 3 C to G
POTT TX 4 Multi Phase
Remote Relay
65 /
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November-26-14
POTT Scheme
Current reversal example
TRIP
Local Relay
Remote Relay
Timer
Start Communication
Timer
Expire
Channel
GND
GNDDIR
DIROC
OCFWD
REV
POTT RX
POTT TX
ZONE
2 OC
ORREV
GND
DIR
GND DIR OC FWD
66 /
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November-26-14
POTT Scheme
Echo example
Remote FWD
IGND
Open
Remote Z2
OPEN
Communication
Channel
POTT RX
Local Relay
POTT TX
TRIP
POTT TX
POTT RX
Communication
Channel
Remote Relay
67 /
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November-26-14
Hybrid POTT
Intended for three-terminal lines and weak
infeed conditions
Echo feature adds security during weak
infeed conditions
Reverse-looking distance and oc elements
used to identify external faults
68 /
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November-26-14
Hybrid POTT
Zone 2
Zone 1
Remote
Local
Weak
system
Bus
Bus
Line
Zone 1
Zone 4
Zone 2
69 /
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November-26-14
DCB Scheme
Zone 2
Zone 1
Remote
Local
Bus
Bus
Line
Zone 1
Zone 2
71 /
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November-26-14
Communication Channel
72 /
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November-26-14
Local Relay Z2
FWD IGND
TRIP Timer
Start
Expired
TRIP
Zone 2 PKP
OR
NO
Dir Block RX
Remote Relay
73 /
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November-26-14
Local Relay Z2
FWD IGND
Remote Relay Z4
TRIP Timer
Start
No TRIP
REV IGND
Dir Block RX
Local Relay
Zone 2 PKP
OR
DIR BLOCK TX
Communication
Channel
Zone 4 PKP
Remote Relay
OR
74 /
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November-26-14
Directional Comparison
Unblocking (DCUB)
Applied to Permissive Overreaching (POR)
schemes to overcome the possibility of carrier signal
attenuation or loss as a result of the fault
Unblocking provided in the receiver when signal is
lost:
If signal is lost due to fault, at least one
permissive RO functions will be picked up
Unblocking logic produces short-duration TRIP
signal (150-300 ms). If RO function not picked
up, channel lockout occurs until GUARD signal
returns
75 /
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November-26-14
DCUB Scheme
Forward
Bus
Bus
Line
Forward
(Un-Block)
Tx1
(Block)
Tx2
Trip
Line
Breakers
Forward
(Block)
Rx2
AND
AND
(Un-Block)
AND
o
AND
Rx1
Lockout
76 /
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November-26-14
Communication Channel
77 /
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November-26-14
Load Current
FSK Carrier
GUARD1 RX
FSK Carrier
GUARD1 TX
Local Relay
NO Loss of Guard
NO Permission
Remote Relay
GUARD2 TX
Communication
Channel
GUARD2 RX
NO Loss of Guard
NO Permission
78 /
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November-26-14
Load Current
Loss of Channel
FSK Carrier
GUARD1
NO
RX RX
FSK Carrier
GUARD1 TX
Local Relay
Loss of Guard
Block Timer Started
Expired
Block DCUB
until Guard OK
Remote Relay
GUARD2 TX
Communication
Channel
GUARD2
NO
RX RX
Loss of Guard
Block Timer Expired
Started
Block DCUB 79 /
until Guard
OKGE /
November-26-14
Remote Relay Z2
TRIP
TRIP Z1
FSK Carrier
Local Relay
Zone 2 PKP
FSK Carrier
GUARD1
TRIP1
RXRX
GUARD1
TRIP1 TX
TX
GUARD2
TRIP2
TX TX
GUARD2
TRIP2
RXRX
Remote Relay
ZONE 2 PKP
Loss of Guard
Permission
Communication
Channel
80 /
GE /
November-26-14
Remote Relay Z2
Loss of Channel
TRIP
TRIP Z1
FSK Carrier
Local Relay
Zone 2 PKP
FSK Carrier
GUARD1
NO
RX RX
GUARD1
TRIP1 TX
TX
GUARD2
TRIP2
TX TX
GUARD2
NO
RX RX
Loss of Guard
Block Timer Started
Duration Timer Started
Expired
Remote Relay
ZONE 2 PKP
Loss of Guard
Communication
Channel
81 /
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November-26-14
Redundancy Considerations
Redundant protection systems increase dependability of the
system:
Multiple sets of protection using same protection principle
and multiple pilot channels overcome individual element
failure, or
Multiple sets of protection using different protection
principles and multiple channels protects against failure of
one of the protection methods.
Security can be improved using voting schemes (i.e., 2-outof-3), potentially at expense of dependability.
Redundancy of instrument transformers, battery systems, trip
coil circuits, etc. also need to be considered.
82 /
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November-26-14
Redundant Communications
End Zone
AND Channels:
POTT Less Reliable
DCB Less Secure
OR Channels:
Communication Channel 1
Communication Channel 2
Loss of Channel 2
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November-26-14
84 /
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November-26-14
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November-26-14
88 /
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November-26-14
89 /
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November-26-14
Single-pole Tripping
Distance relay must correctly identify a SLG
fault and trip only the circuit breaker pole for
the faulted phase.
Autoreclosing and breaker failure functions
must be initiated correctly on the fault event
Security must be maintained on the healthy
phases during the open pole condition and any
reclosing attempt.
92 /
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November-26-14
Out-of-Step Condition
For certain operating conditions, a severe
system disturbance can cause system
instability and result in loss of synchronism
between different generating units on an
interconnected system.
93 /
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November-26-14
Out-of-Step Relaying
Out-of-step blocking relays
Operate in conjunction with mho tripping relays
to prevent a terminal from tripping during severe
system swings & out-of-step conditions.
Prevent system from separating in an
indiscriminate manner.
Out-of-step tripping relays
Operate independently of other devices to
detect out-of-step condition during the first pole
slip.
Initiate tripping of breakers that separate system
in order to balance load with available
generation on any isolated part of the system.
94 /
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November-26-14
Out-of-Step Tripping
When the inner
characteristic is
entered the element
is ready to trip
95 /
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November-26-14
96 /
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November-26-14
Series-compensated lines
Benefits of series capacitors:
Reduction of overall XL of long lines
Improvement of stability margins
Ability to adjust line load levels
Loss reduction
Reduction of voltage drop during severe disturbances
Normally economical for line lengths > 200 miles
Xs
SC
XL
Infinte
Bus
97 /
GE /
November-26-14
Series-compensated lines
SCs create unfavorable conditions for protective relays and
fault locators:
Overreaching of distance elements
Failure of distance element to pick up on low-current faults
Phase selection problems in single-pole tripping
applications
Large fault location errors
Xs
SC
XL
Infinte
Bus
98 /
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November-26-14
Series-compensated lines
Series Capacitor with MOV
99 /
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November-26-14
Series-compensated lines
100 /
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November-26-14
Series-compensated lines
Dynamic Reach Control
101 /
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November-26-14
Series-compensated lines
Dynamic Reach Control for External Faults
102 /
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November-26-14
Series-compensated lines
Dynamic Reach Control for External Faults
103 /
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November-26-14
Series-compensated lines
Dynamic Reach Control for Internal Faults
104 /
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November-26-14
Setting Rules
Transformer positive sequence impedance must be
included in reach setting only if transformer lies
between VTs and intended reach point
Currents require compensation only if transformer
located between CTs and intended reach point
Voltages require compensation only if transformer
located between VTs and intended reach point
Compensation set based on transformer connection
& vector group as seen from CTs/VTs toward reach
point
107 /
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November-26-14
109 /
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November-26-14
111 /
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November-26-14