Revision of Thermodynamic Concepts

Revision of
Thermodynamic Concepts

Examples
Applied Thermodynamics & Heat Engines
S.Y. B. Tech.
ME0223 SEM - IV
Production Engineering
ME0223 SEM-IV

Applied Thermodynamics & Heat Engines

S. Y. B. Tech. Prod Engg.

Revision of Thermodynamic Concepts

Example 1
The e.m.f. in a thermocouple with the test junction at t C on gas thermometer scale
and reference junction at Ice Point is given by;
= 0.20 t 5 X 10-4 t2 mV
The millivoltmeter is calibrated at Ice and Steam Points. What will this thermocouple
read when the gas thermometer reads 50 C ?
At Ice Point, when t = 0 C, = 0 mV.
At Steam point, when t = 100 C,
= 0.20 X 100 5 X 10-4 X (100)2
= 15 mV
At t = 50 C,

= 0.20 X 50 5 X 10-4 X (50)2

= 8.75 mV

Thus, T = 100 C = 15 mV.

Hence, when gas thermometer reads 50 C (corresponding to 8.75 mV); the
thermocouple will read;
100 X 8.75 = 58.33 C ANS
15
ME0223 SEM-IV

Applied Thermodynamics & Heat Engines

S. Y. B. Tech. Prod Engg.

Revision of Thermodynamic Concepts

Example 2
A water in a tank is pressurised by air and a pressure is measured by a multifluid
manometer. The tank is located on a mountain at 1400 m altitude, where the
atmospheric pressure is 85.6 kPa. Determine the air pressure in the tank if h1 = 0.1 m,
h2 = 0.2 m and h3 = 0.35 m. Take the densities of water, oil and Mercury to be 1000
kg/m3, 850 kg/m3 and 13600 kg/m3 respectively.
P1 + h1waterg + h2oilg - h3mercuryg = Patm

Oil

P1 = Patm - h1waterg - h2oilg + h3mercuryg

Air

P1 = Patm + g(h3mercury - h1water - h2oil)

1
h1
Water

2
h2

h3

= (85.6)+(9.81)[(13600*0.35)-(1000*0.1)-(850*0.2)]
Kg/m3
Kg/m3
Kg/m3
kPa
m/sec2
m
m
m
= 130 kPaANS

Mercury
S. Y. B. Tech. Prod Engg.

Revision of Thermodynamic Concepts

Example 3
A rigid tank contains a hot fluid that is cooled while stirred by a paddle wheel. Initially,
the internal energy of the fluid is 800 kJ. During the cooling process, the fluid loses 500
kJ of heat, and the paddle wheel does 100 kJ of work on the fluid. Determine the final
internal energy of the fluid.
Tank is stationary KE = PE = 0
500 kJ
Wsh,in = 100 kJ

Thus, E = U
Applying the First Law of
Thermodynamics (i.e. Energy Balance);
Ein Eout = Esystem
Wsh,in Qout = U = U2 U1

U1 = 800 kJ
U2 = ?

100 500 = U2 - 800

kJ

kJ

kJ kJ

U2 = 400 kJ.ANS
S. Y. B. Tech. Prod Engg.

Revision of Thermodynamic Concepts

Example 4
A room is initially at the outdoor temperature of 25C. A large fan that consumes 200
W of electricity is turned on. The Heat transfer rate between the room and the
outdoor air is given by Q = UA(Ti To) where U = 6 W/m2.C overall Heat transfer
coefficient. A= 30 m2 exposed surface area of the room. Ti To are the indoor and
outdoor temperatures. Determine the indoor air temperature when steady conditions
are established.
The electricity consumed by a fan is the Energy input to the room, i.e. 200 W.

This increases room air temperature.

However, at steady state, rate of Heat transfer from the room = Heat input to the room.
Applying the First Law of Thermodynamics (i.e. Energy Balance);
Ein Eout = dEsystem / dt = 0
Steady State

Ein Eout

Welect,in = Qout = UA(Ti To)

200 (W) = (6 W/m2C).(30 m2).(Ti To)

Ti = 26.1 CANS
S. Y. B. Tech. Prod Engg.

Revision of Thermodynamic Concepts

Example 5
A frictionless piston-cylinder device contains 5 kg of steam at 400 kPa and 200 C.
Heat is transferred to the steam until the temperature reaches 250 C. If the piston is
not attached to the shaft, and its mass is constant, determine the Work done by the
steam during the Process . Use the data given in FIG. for Sp. Volume.
Constant Pressure, Quasi-Static Process.

Pressure (P)

P=Const

V2

W1 2 PdV P (V2 V1 )
V1

W1-2 = mP(v1 v2)..V = mv

W1-2 = (5)(400)[(0.59520 0.53434)
kg kPa

Volume (V)
v1 = 0.53434
v2 = 0.59520
m3/kg
m3/kg
ME0223 SEM-IV

m3/kg

W1-2 = 121.7 kJANS

Applied Thermodynamics & Heat Engines

S. Y. B. Tech. Prod Engg.

Revision of Thermodynamic Concepts

Example 6
A piston-cylinder device initially contains 0.4 m3 of air at 100 kPa and 80 C. The air
is now compressed to 0.1 m3 in such a way that the temperature remains constant.
Determine the Work done during this Process.
Isothermal, Quasi-Static Process.

W1 2 PdV

State 2

V1

T0 = 80 C = Const.

Pressure

P2

V2

V2

W1 2
State 1

P1
V2

Volume

dV
V2
P1V1
P1V1 ln
V
V1
V1

0.1
W1-2 = (100)(0.4) ln
0.4
kPa m3

V1

W1-2 = -55.5 kJANS

Negative sign indicates that the Work is done ON the system.

ME0223 SEM-IV

Applied Thermodynamics & Heat Engines

S. Y. B. Tech. Prod Engg.

Revision of Thermodynamic Concepts

Example 7
An insulated rigid tank initially contains 0.7 kg of Helium at 27 C and 350 kPa. A
paddle wheel with a power rating of 0.015 kW is operated within the tank for 30 min.
Determine (a) the final temperature, and (b) the final pressure of the Helium gas.
Assume Cv = 3.1156 kJ/kg. C
He gas
Thus, E = U
Tank is stationary KE = PE = 0
m = 0.7 kg
Ein Eout = Esystem
Applying the Energy Balance;
Wsh = U = U2 U1 = mCv(T2 - T1)
Wsh
Wsh = (0.015 kW) (30 min) = 27 kJ
(a) 27 kJ = (0.7 kg)(3.1156 kJ/kg. C)(T2 - 27 C)
T2 = 39.4 C.ANS

T1 = 27 C
P1 = 350 kPa

P1V1 P2V2

Applying the Ideal Gas Law;

T1
T2
P2
=
(b) 350 kPa
(27+273) K
(39.4+273) K

ME0223 SEM-IV

P2 = 364.5 kPaANS

Applied Thermodynamics & Heat Engines

S. Y. B. Tech. Prod Engg.

Revision of Thermodynamic Concepts

Example 8
Heat is transferred to a Heat Engine from a furnace at the rate of 80 MW. If the
rate of Waste Heat Rejection to a nearby river is 50 MW, determine the Net Power
and the Thermal Efficiency of the Heat Engine.

QH = 80 MW

Furnace

and

QL = 50 MW.

Net power of the Heat Engine is;

QH =
80 kW
Wnet

Heat
Engine

Wnet = QH QL = (80 50) MW

= 30 MW.ANS
Thermal Efficiency of the Heat Engine is;

QL =
50 MW
River

ME0223 SEM-IV

th = Wnet,out
QH

= 30 MW
80 MW

= 0.375 or 37.5 %....ANS

Applied Thermodynamics & Heat Engines

S. Y. B. Tech. Prod Engg.

Revision of Thermodynamic Concepts

Example 9
A Heat Pump is used to used to meet the heating requirements of a house and maintained
at 20 C on a day when the outdoor temperature drops to -2 C, the house is estimated to
lose Heat at the rate of 80,000 kJ/hr. If the Heat Pump is having COP of 2.5, determine
(a) Power consumed by the Heat Pump (b) Rate at which Heat is absorbed from the cold
outdoor air.
(a) Wnet,in =

QH
COPHP

Heat Loss
= 80,000 kJ/hr

House,
20 C

80,000 kJ/hr
2.5

QH = ?

= 32,000 kJ/hr = 8.9 kWANS

Wnet = ?
The house is to be maintained at 20 C.
Hence the Heat Pump has to deliver the
SAME Heat to the house, i.e. 80,000 kJ/hr.

Heat Pump
COP = 2.5

QL = ?
(b) QL = QH Wnet,in = (80,000 32,000) kJ/hr
= 48,000 kJ/hr.ANS
ME0223 SEM-IV

Outdoor Air,
-2 C

Applied Thermodynamics & Heat Engines

S. Y. B. Tech. Prod Engg.

Revision of Thermodynamic Concepts

Example 10
A reversible Heat Engine operates between two reservoirs at temperatures of 600 C
and 40 C. the Engine drives a reversible Refrigerator which operates between
reservoirs of 40 C and -20 C. Heat transfer to the Engine is 2000 kJ and the net Work
output of the combined Engine is 360 kJ. Evaluate the Heat transfer to the refrigerant
and the net Heat Transfer to the reservoir at 40 C.
max = 1 T1 = 873 K
Q1 = 2000 kJ

T3 = 253 K
Refrigerator

W1

Q4

W1
Q1

W2

= 1-

T1

313

= 0.642

873

W1 = 0.642 X 2000 = 1284 kJ

T3
253
COPmax =
=
= 4.22
T2 T3 313 - 253

Heat
Engine
W=
Q2 = ? 360 kJ

= 0.642

T2

Q3= Q4 + W2

COPmax =

Q4

= 4.22

W2

T2 = 313 K
ME0223 SEM-IV

Applied Thermodynamics & Heat Engines

S. Y. B. Tech. Prod Engg.

Revision of Thermodynamic Concepts

Example 10contd

T1 = 873 K
Q1 = 2000 kJ

W1 W2 = W = 360 kJ

T3 = 253 K
Refrigerator

W1

Q4

W2 = W1 - W = 1284 - 360 = 924 kJ

W2

Q4 = COP X W2 = 4.22 X 924 = 3899 kJ

Heat
Engine
W=
Q2 = ? 360 kJ

T2 = 313 K

Q3= Q4 + W2

Q3 = Q4 + W2 = 3899 + 924 = 4823 kJ

Q2 = Q1 W1 = 2000 - 1284 = 716 kJ

Thus, Heat Rejection to the 40 C reservoir

= Q2 + Q3 = 716 + 4823 = 5539 kJ.ANS

ME0223 SEM-IV

Applied Thermodynamics & Heat Engines

S. Y. B. Tech. Prod Engg.