Filters

ENGR. SYED MUHAMMAD MUNAVVAR

HUSSAIN
 Filtering

The process of passing certain

frequency components in a signal
through the system without
distortion and to block other
frequency components.
 Filters

A filter is a device used to separate

different components that are
mixed together.
 Example

For example, a mechanical filter

can separate particles from liquid,
or small particles from large
particles.
 Electrical Filter

An electrical filter is defined as the

device that is used to separate
different frequency components
that are mixed together.
 Achieving Electrical Filtering

Capacitors and inductors are, generally,

used for electrical filtering.
Inductive reactance increases, but
capacitive reactance decreases with
higher frequencies.
Filtering action also depends upon
whether L and C are in series or parallel
with the load.
 Low-pass Filter

An electrical filter that can pass the

higher frequency components to the
load and blocks other frequency
components.
For instance, in case of audio and radio
frequencies mixed together, a low-pass
filter passes only audio frequencies to
the output.
 Some Low-pass Filters

Output:
Input: High Low
C RL
Frequencies Frequencies

(L-Type)
Bypass Capacitor (C) is parallel with RL
 Some Low-pass Filters

Output:
Input: High Low
RL
Frequencies Frequencies

Choke L in series with RL

 Some Low-pass Filters

Output:
Input: High Low
C RL
Frequencies Frequencies

(L-Type)
Inverted L type choke with bypass capacitor (C)
 Some Low-pass Filters

L1 L2

Output:
Input: High Low
C RL
Frequencies Frequencies

(L-Type)
Inverted L type choke with bypass capacitor (C)
 Some Low-pass Filters

Output:
Input: High C1 C2 Low
RL
Frequencies Frequencies

(Π-Type)
Inverted L type choke with bypass capacitor (C)
 High-pass Filter

An electrical filter that can pass the lower

frequency components to the load and
blocks higher frequency components.
For instance, in case of audio and radio
frequencies mixed together, a high-pass
filter passes only radio frequencies to the
output.
Some High-pass Filters

Output:
Input: Low
RL High
Frequencies L
Frequencies

Inverted-L Type
 Some High-pass Filters

C1 C2

Output:
Input: Low L RL High
Frequencies
Frequencies

The “T” Type

 Some High-pass Filters

Output:
Input: Low L1 L2 RL High
Frequencies
Frequencies

The “Π” Type

 Band-pass Filter

A filter that passes all the

frequency components between two
cutoff frequencies fc1 and fc2 and
blocks all components below fc1 and
above fc2.
 Band-pass Filter - Example

C1
R2

Input Output
R1 C2
Voltage Voltage

RC Band-pass Filter
 Band-stop Filter

A filter that blocks all the

frequency components between two
cutoff frequencies fc1 and fc2 and
passes all components below fc1 and
above fc2.
 Band-stop Filter - Example

2R1 2R1

Input 2C1 Output

Voltage Voltage

C1 C1
Band-stop Filter
R1 - Notch Filter
 Notch Filter

A band-stop filter that is designed

to block only a single frequency
component.
See band-stop filter example.
 Multiband Filter

A filter that has more than one

pass-band and more than one
stop-band.
 Comb Filter

A filter that is designed to block

frequencies that are integral
multiples of a low frequency.

 Pass-band and stop-band are defined in next slide.

 Pass-band

The range of frequencies allowed to

pass through the filter.
 Stop-band

The range of frequencies blocked

by the filter.
 Applications

Separating audio from radio

frequencies and vice versa
Separating ac variations from the
average dc level and manymore