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Outline of Chapter 3
The Basic Equation of Fluid Statics
Types of Pressures
Pressure Variation in a Static Fluid
Example Problem
Hydrostatic Force on Submerged Surfaces
Example Problems
Hydrostatic forces
Turbine
Energy conversion
Bernoulli equation
Hydrostatic uplift
Surface Force
Total Force
Pascals Laws
Pascals laws:
Pressure acts uniformly in all directions on a small
volume (point) of a fluid
In a fluid confined by solid boundaries, pressure
acts perpendicular to the boundary it is a normal
force.
Fluid statics
Chee 223
2.22
Furnace duct
Pipe or tube
Heat exchanger
Dam
Definition or
Relationship
1 kg m-1 s-2
1 bar
1 x 105 Pa
1 / 760 atm
760 mm Hg
1 atm
1 atm
Location and
pressure of
interest
Measurement of Pressure
Manometers are devices in which one or more
columns of a liquid are used to determine the
pressure difference between two points.
U-tube manometer
Inclined-tube manometer
P2 Pa b g (Z m Rm )
P3 Pb b g ( Z m ) a gRm
Pa Pb gRm ( a b )
Inclined Manometer
To measure small pressure differences need to magnify Rm
some way.
Pa Pb gR1 ( a b ) sin
Fluid statics
Chee 223
2.43
Buoyancy
Buoyancy
Buoyancy
A body immersed in a fluid experiences a vertical buoyant
force equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces
A floating body displaces its own weight in the fluid in
which it floats
h1
h
2
F2
Buoyancy
The net force due to pressure in the vertical direction is:
FB = F2- F1 = (Pbottom - Ptop) (DxDy)
The pressure difference is:
Pbottom Ptop = g (h2-h1) = g H
Combining:
FB = g H (DxDy)
Thus the buoyant force is:
FB = g V
Compressible fluid
Gases are compressible i.e. their density varies with
temperature and pressure =P M /RT
f or T To const :
g M ( z 2 z1 )
P2 P1 exp
RT
o
Compressible
Linear Temperature Gradient
T T0 ( z z 0 )
p
dp
gM
p p R
0
dz
z T0 ( z z0 )
0
T0 ( z z0 )
p( z ) p0
T0
gM
Atmospheric Equations
Assume constant
p ( z ) p0 e
g M ( z z0 )
RT0
Assume linear
T0 ( z z0 )
p( z ) p0
T
0
gM
Compressible Isentropic
P
constant
P1
T P
T1 P1
Cp
1 y
Cv
1 gMDz
P2 P1 1
RT1
1 gMDz
T2 T1 1
RT1
Vocabulary List
1. Static fluid
2. Manometer.
3. Hydrostatic pressure.
4. Gauge pressure.
5. Vacuum.
6. Hydrostatic force on a submerged surface.
The End
Terima kasih
Dam Design
Design concern: (Hydrostatic Uplift) Hydrostatic pressure
above the heel (upstream edge) of the dam may cause
seepage with resultant uplift beneath the dam base (depends
largely on the supporting material of the dam). This reduces the
dams stability to sliding and overturning by effectively reducing
the weight of the dam structure. (Question: What prevents the
dam from sliding?)
Determine the minimum compressive stresses in the base of a
concrete gravity dam as given below. It is important that this
value should be greater than zero because (1) concrete has
poor tensile strength. Damage might occur near the heel of the
dam. (2) The lifting of the dam structure will accelerate the
seeping rate of the water underneath the dam and further
increase hydrostatic uplift and generate more instability.
The total resultant force acting on the dam by the water pressure is:
R= P(y)dy=
h 30
h2
w gydy w g
2
2
6
(1000)(9.8)(1/
2)(30)
4.4
10
(N)
20 m
Free surface
concrete=2.5 water
30 m
40 m
The resultant force, R, is acting at a depth h below the free surface so that
h3
w g
h 30
h3
2
3 2h 20( m )
Rh= P(y)ydy= ( w gy ) ydy w g y dy w g , h
3
R
3
0
Assume the load distribution under the dam is linear (it might not be linear if the soil
distribution is not uniform)
Therefore, the stress distribution can be written as
min
(x)= min max
x
20
W
Free surface
20 m
min
max
Example (cont.)
The sum of moments has to be zero also: Taking moment w.r.t. the heel of the dam
20
max min
20
20
x 2 dx