Jimah O&M Sdn Bhd

Knowledge Sharing session Part 1

Introduction to Protection Relay

Presented by: Ir.S.Gopinath

Date: 07/11/2012

Contents
1. Intro to RE: Concentrated Solar Power
2. Introduction to Protection Relay
2.1 Electrical system Protection
2.2 Causes & Types of Fault
( Case study: Transient fault at 500kV Jimah
transmission line)

Contents (cont.)
2.3 Principle of Relay
( Case study: CX-M Relay operation for
11kV VCB)
3. Current Transformer ( CT) & Voltage
Transformer (VT)
4. Relation between Relay and CT/VT

Contents (cont.)
5. I.D.M.T setting of Phase Overcurrent Protection
relay
( Case study: Calculation on Electromechanical
relay ( Overcurrent ) for Radial distribution
system)
6. Relay operation in Jimah Sootblower system

1. Renewable Energy: Concentrated Solar

Power (CSP)
CSP systems use mirrors or lenses to concentrate
a large area of sunlight, or solar thermal energy,
onto a small area.
Concentrated light is converted to heat, which
drives a heat engine (usually a steam turbine)
connected to an electrical power generator.
Example: 11MW PS10 & PS20 Solar Power Plant

2. Introduction to Protection Relay

IEEE defines a relay as an electric device that is
designed to input conditions in a prescribed
manner and after specified conditions are met, to
cause contact operation

2.1 Electrical system Protection

isolation of a problem area in the system quickly
so that the rest of the system as much as possible
is left continue service.
The five(5) basic features are:
- Reliability
- Selectivity

- Speed of Operation
- Simplicity
- Economics

 Some related device numbers are: ( stated in

IEEE C37.2-2008)
- undervoltage relay (27)
- field circuit breaker (41)
- thermal relay (49)
- instantaneous overcurrent relay (50)
- lockout relay (86)
- differential protective relay (87)

2.2 Causes & Types of Fault

faults can interrupt the healty operation of the
power system.
The type and nature of faults in a three-phase

system are normally classified as:

- Phase & ground
- Permanent
- Transient
- Semitransient

 Phase & Ground fault

 Permenant Faults
- created by punturing or breaking insulators,
breaking conductors and objects falling on the

ground conductor
Trasient Faults
- created by transient overvoltages such as
lightning.

Case study: Transient fault at JIMAH 500kV

Transmission line
Transient fault had occurred on both OHL
Lenggeng 1 and 2 on Red phase which had
initiated the RED phase Differential Protection
to operate, and subsequently opening the
Z1130, Z1230, Z2130 and Z2230 circuit breakers.
ii. Z1130 and Z2130 manage to survive the
transient fault by single Phase Autoreclose.
i.

Case study: Transient fault at JIMAH 500kV

Transmission line
iii. Z1230 and Z2230 did not reclose during Auto
Reclose as the Auto Reclose received nonsynchronizing conditions elapsing 5 seconds
synchronizing timer interval thus engaging
Lockout Master Trip 1 and 2 to operate.
iv. Both unit 1 & 2 Generating Units trip thus
causing plant black out condition.
v. Z2330 trip due to Inter trip received from the
main plant initiated by plant protection relay

2.3 Principle of Relay

Relay has two mechanical parts:.

- Firstly, the contact(s) of the relay

- Secondly, the device that forces the terminal to

move so-called an electromagnet

 Types of relay:
- Electromechanical relay
- Static relay

- Digital relay
- Numerical relay

Electromagnetic Relay
convert a magnetic flux generated by the
application of a low voltage electrical control
signal either AC or DC across the relay terminals,
into a pulling mechanical force which operates
the electrical contacts within the relay.

- Electromechanical relay construction

Relay contact types

Electrical relays can be made up of one or more
individual switch contacts with each "contact"
being referred to as a "pole
Description of the contact types:

SPST - Single Pole Single Throw

SPDT - Single Pole Double Throw
DPST - Double Pole Single Throw
DPDT - Double Pole Double Throw
with the action of the contacts being described as
"Make" (M) or "Break" (B)

- Relay Contact Configuration

- Relays at Jimah MV Switchgear

Example of Protection relays at Jimah electrical
system:
- Lockout relay

- Power relay
- Thermal overload relay

 Power relay:

- 11kV & 3.3kV switchgear panel uses MM type

OMRON Power relay for control circuits.

Case study: CX-M relay operation in VCB

control circuit

 Lockout relay

- Protect our main system and safeguard our

personnel with the industry standard for
safety and reliability. This lockout relay
applied for protection of:
Generator Transformer & Generator
Unit Auxliary transformer (UAT)
Excitation Transformer

3. Current Transformer ( CT) & Voltage

Transformer (VT)
CT Principle:

- The alternating current flowing in the primary

produces a magnetic field in the core, which then
induces a current in the secondary winding
circuit.

CT symbol:

- CT types applied for medium voltage system

Window or Ring type CT
Bar type CT
Bushing Type Or Busduct
Current Transformers ( BCT )
Wound type Primary CT

 VT Principle:
- to produce the system votlages, accurately at low
voltage suitable for the operation of measuring

instruments
- The primary winding is connected across the
supply voltage and low range voltmeter (0-110V)
is connected across the secondary winding
terminals.

- VT types applied for medium voltage system

Cast iron in-resin VT
Capacitor VT
Electromagnetic VT
Cast iron VT with Build-in Fuse type

4. Relation between Relay and CT/VT

The relays are connected to the power system
through the CT and VT.
CT and VT are used to measure the current

and voltage in a circuit of the order of

hundreds of amperes and volts respectively.

- Basic configuration of protection relay in a circuit

- Basic scheme of protection relay and circuit breaker

When current exceeds the normal value, torque produced

will overcome the spring tension to rotate the disc about a

vertical spindle to which a long arm is attached.
The arm moves in the anticlockwise direction till it closes
the terminals 1& 2, and completes the circuit comprising
of a battery and the trip coil of the circuit breaker.

5. I.D.M.T Overcurrent relay

In inverse definite minimum time (IDMT) relay its
operating is inversely proportional to fault
current and also a characteristic of minimum
time after which this relay definitely operates.

- Relay coordination
a. whenever possible, use relays with the same
operating characteristic in series with each other
b. make sure that the relay fastest from the

source has current settings equal to or less than

the relays behind it.
using either time or overcurrent, or a
combination of both.

 IEC 60255 defines a number of standard

characteristics as follows:
- Standard Inverse (SI)

- Very Inverse (VI)

- Extremely Inverse (EI)

- Definite Time (DT)

- Relay characteristics & equations

- Relay Time Grading Margin (GM)

The time interval that must be allowed between
the operation of two adjacent relays in order to
achieve correct discrimination between them.

 The grading margin depends on a number of

factors:
the fault current interrupting time of the circuit

breaker
relay timing errors
the overshoot time of the relay
CT errors
final margin on completion of operation

- Important terms for I.D.M.T relay setting

 The important parameters required for relay setting are

such as:

(i) Pick-up current - It is the minimum current in the

relay coil at which the relay starts to operate
[ Pickup current = Rated secondary current of CT
x Current setting]
(ii) Current setting It is often desirable to adjust
the pickup current to any value.

(iv) Plug setting (P.S.M) - determines the current at

which the relay will start to operate.
(v) Time-setting multiplier (T.M) - controls the
relays disc movement. The position of the
moving contact is usually adjusted by turning
the time multiplier knob, which ranges from 0.1
to 1.0. Calculated by multiplying the time
setting multiplier with the time obtained from
time/ p.s.m curve of the relay.

- Case study: IDMT relay setting calculation

Simple Radial distribution system

6. Relay operation in Jimah

Sootblower system
The main functions of the soot blower system are to:
Maintain the thermal efficiency of the boiler by removing
ash and soot adhering on the superheater, reheaters and
economiser tube surfaces. This is because clean heat
transfer surface is desirable for achieving high operating
efficiency.
Remove soot, ash and fouling deposits to prevent
accumulation of deposits, resulting from the combustion
of coal from choking the boiler gas passes.

 When the wall deslagger or sootblower jammed in

moving forward to furnace, the shock relay (51) will

operate immediately and start to retract it before the
motor develops a serious failure in order to minimize the
damage on the equipment.
On the other hand, thermal relay (49) will operate during
the wall deslagger or sootblower is backing away from
furnace and their motor detects overload condition. In
this case, the controller stops the wall deslagger or
sootblower to prevent the burning out the motor by
overcurrent.

 Take note that, two or more motors of 1L ~ 8L

cannot be operated simultanoeusly. So, the
independent shock realy (51) and thermal relay
(49) is not required for each motor and no
provided.