Chapter 2 FM

Analog Modulation
The purpose of a communication system is to transmit information signals

(baseband signals) through a communication channel
The term baseband is used to designate the band of frequencies representing the
original signal as delivered by the input transducer
For example, the voice signal from a microphone is a baseband signal, and
contains frequencies in the range of 0-3000 Hz
The hello wave is a baseband signal:
Since this baseband signal must be transmitted through a communication channel

(such as air or cable) using electromagnetic waves, a procedure is needed to shift the
range of baseband frequencies to other frequency ranges suitable for transmission;
and, a corresponding shift back to the original frequency range after reception. This is
called the process of modulation and demodulation
Remember the radio spectrum:
AM radio
FM radio/TV
For example, an AM radio system transmits electromagnetic waves with frequencies of

around a few hundred kHz (MF band)
The FM radio system operates with frequencies in the range of 88-108 MHz (VHF
band)
Since the baseband signal contains frequencies in the audio frequency

range (3 kHz), some form of frequency-band shifting must be
employed for the radio system to operate properly
This process is accomplished by a device called a modulator
The transmitter block in any communications system contains the
modulator device
The receiver block in any communications system contains the
demodulator device
The modulator modulates a carrier wave (the electromagnetic wave)
which has a frequency that is selected from an appropriate band in
the radio spectrum
For example, the frequency of a carrier wave for FM can be
chosen from the VHF band of the radio spectrum
For AM, the frequency of the carrier wave may be chosen to be
around a few hundred kHz (from the MF band of the radio
spectrum)
The demodulator extracts the original baseband signal from the
received modulated signal
In Summary:
Modulation is the process of impressing a low-frequency information
signal (baseband signal) onto a higher frequency carrier signal
FREQUENCY MODULATION
FREQUENCY MODULATION
FIGURE 7-20 LIC direct FM modulator--simplified block diagram
Tomasi
Electronic Communications Systems, 5e
Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Frequency Modulation
Carrier wave
Baseband signal
Small amplitude:
low frequency
Large amplitude:
high frequency
Modulated wave
Frequency varyingamplitude constant
8
FM (frequency modulation) signal
t
s(t ) Ac cos 2 f ct 2 k f m( )d
k f : frequency sensitivity
instantanous frequency fi (t ) f c k f m(t )
t
angle i (t ) 2 f i ( )d
(Assume zero initial phase)
2 f c t 2 k f
m( )d
0
FM Characteristics
Characteristics of FM signals
Zero-crossings are not regular
Envelope is constant
FM and PM signals are similar
FM (frequency modulation) signal
t
s(t ) Ac cos 2 f ct 2 k f m( )d
k f : frequency sensitivity
instantanous frequency fi (t ) f c k f m(t )
t
angle i (t ) 2 f i ( )d
(Assume zero initial phase)
2 f c t 2 k f
m(t ) Am cos(2 f mt )
m( )d
0
fi f c k f Am cos(2 f mt )
d
2
k
A
cos(2
)
d
f
m
m
0
1 d
1 d 2 f ct 1
fi
2 dt 2
dt
2
dt
1
fc
2 k f Am cos(2 f m ) Let t
2
Example
Consider m(t)- a square wave- as shown. The FM wave for this m(t) is
t
shown below.
FM ( t ) A cos( c t k f m( )d ).
-
Assume m(t) starts at t 0. For 0 t
m(t) 1 ,
T
2
m( )d t
and
for
T
2
t T
m(t) - 1 ,
T
2
T
2
m( )d m( )d m( )d T2 - (t - T2 ) T - t.
The instantane ous frequency is i ( t ) c k f m( t ) c k f

and i ( t ) c k f for
i max c k f
and
T
2
for
t T.
i min c k f
m(t)
2T
FM(t )
0t
T
2
TABLE 7-3 Bessel Functions of the First Kind, Jn(m)
Tomasi

FIGURE 7-5
Tomasi
Jn(m) versus m

FIGURE 7-6 Frequency spectrum for Example 6-2
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FIGURE 7-7 Frequency spectrum for Example 7-3
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FIGURE 7-8A Output frequency spectrums for Example 75: (a) frequency spectrums for FM and PM
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FIGURE 7-8B Output frequency spectrums for Example 75: (b) frequency spectrums for FM and PM;
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FIGURE 7-8C Output frequency spectrums for Example 75: (c) frequency spectrum for FM
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FIGURE 7-8D Output frequency spectrums for Example 75: (d) frequency spectrum for PM
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Frequency Deviation
Frequency deviation f
difference between the maximum instantaneous and carrier
frequency
f k f Am k f max | m(t ) |
Definition:
Relationship with instantaneous frequency
single-tone m(t ) case: fi f c f cos(2 f mt )

general case:
f c f fi f c f
Question: Is bandwidth of s(t) just 2f?

No, instantaneous frequency is not
equivalent to spectrum frequency
(with non-zero power)!
S(t) has spectrum frequency
(with non-zero power).
Modulation Index
Indicate by how much the modulated variable
(instantaneous frequency) varies around its
unmodulated level (message frequency)
max | ka m(t ) |
,
A
1
max | k f m(t ) |
FM (frequency):
fm
AM (envelope):
Bandwidth
t
a (t ) m( ) d
k 2f 2
k 2f 3
(t ) Re( (t )) Acos wct k f a(t ) sin wct a (t ) cos wct a (t ) sin wct...
2!
3!
Bandwidth of FM
Facts
FM has side frequencies extending to infinite frequency
theoretically infinite bandwidth
But side frequencies become negligibly small beyond a
point practically finite bandwidth
FM signal bandwidth equals the required transmission
(channel) bandwidth
Bandwidth of FM signal is approximately by

Carsons Rule (which gives lower-bound)
Carsons Rule
Nearly all power lies within a bandwidth of

For single-tone message signal with frequency fm
BT 2f 2 f m 2( 1) f m
For general message signal m(t) with bandwidth (or highest
frequency) W
BT 2f 2W 2( D 1)W
f
where D
is deviation ratio (equivalent to ),
W
f max k f m(t )
AM vs. FM
AM requires a simple circuit, and is very easy to generate.
It is simple to tune, and is used in almost all short wave broadcasting.
The area of coverage of AM is greater than FM (longer wavelengths
(lower frequencies) are utilized-remember property of HF waves?)
However, it is quite inefficient, and is susceptible to static and other
forms of electrical noise.
The main advantage of FM is its audio quality and immunity to noise.

Most forms of static and electrical noise are naturally AM, and an FM
receiver will not respond to AM signals.
The audio quality of a FM signal increases as the frequency deviation
increases (deviation from the center frequency), which is why FM
broadcast stations use such large deviation.
The main disadvantage of FM is the larger bandwidth it requires
Comparison between PM and FM
Relations between FM and PM

FM of m(t ) PM of
m( )d
0
dm(t )
PM of m(t ) FM of
dt
FM/PM Example (Time)
FIGURE 7-3 Phase and frequency modulation of a sine-wave carrier by a sinewave signal: (a) unmodulated carrier; (b) modulating signal; (c) frequencymodulated wave; (d) phase-modulated wave
Tomasi

FM/PM Example (Frequency)
TABLE 7-2 Angle Modulation Summary
Tomasi


Chapter 2 FM

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Analog Modulation

The purpose of a communication system is to transmit information signals

Since this baseband signal must be transmitted through a communication channel

Remember the radio spectrum:

For example, an AM radio system transmits electromagnetic waves with frequencies of

Since the baseband signal contains frequencies in the audio frequency

FIGURE 7-20 LIC direct FM modulator--simplified block diagram

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

(Assume zero initial phase)

(Assume zero initial phase)

Assume m(t) starts at t 0. For 0 t

The instantane ous frequency is i ( t ) c k f m( t ) c k f

TABLE 7-3 Bessel Functions of the First Kind, Jn(m)

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

FIGURE 7-6 Frequency spectrum for Example 6-2

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

FIGURE 7-7 Frequency spectrum for Example 7-3

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

single-tone m(t ) case: fi f c f cos(2 f mt )

Question: Is bandwidth of s(t) just 2f?

Bandwidth of FM signal is approximately by

Nearly all power lies within a bandwidth of

The main advantage of FM is its audio quality and immunity to noise.

Comparison between PM and FM

Relations between FM and PM

FM/PM Example (Time)

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

FM/PM Example (Frequency)

TABLE 7-2 Angle Modulation Summary

Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.

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