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JOHN
LOUCKS
St. Edwards
University
Slide 1
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x2
x2
x1
2
n
x3
Slide 9
x3
x1 1
x2
Slide 10
Analysis of Variance
Between-Treatments Estimate of Population Variance
Within-Treatments Estimate of Population Variance
Comparing the Variance Estimates: The F Test
ANOVA Table
Slide 11
Between-Treatments Estimate
of Population Variance 2
The estimate of 2 based on the variation of the
sample means is called the mean square due to
treatments and is denoted by MSTR.
k
MSTR
2
n
(
x
x
)
j j
Denominator is the
degrees of freedom
associated with SSTR
j 1
k1
Numerator is called
the sum of squares due
to treatments (SSTR)
Slide 12
Within-Treatments Estimate
of Population Variance 2
The estimate of 2 based on the variation of the
sample observations within each sample is called the
mean square error and is denoted by MSE.
k
MSE
Denominator is the
degrees of freedom
associated with SSE
(n j 1) s 2j
j1
nT k
Numerator is called
the sum of squares
due to error (SSE)
Slide 13
Slide 14
F
Critical Value
MSTR/MSE
Slide 15
ANOVA Table
Source of
Variation
Sum of Degrees of
Squares Freedom
SSTR
k-1
Error
SSE
nT - k
Total
SST
nT - 1
Treatments
SST is partitioned
into SSTR and SSE.
Mean
Square
pValue
SSTR MSTR
k-1
MSE
SSE
MSE
nT - k
MSTR
Slide 16
ANOVA Table
SST divided by its degrees of freedom nT 1 is the
overall sample variance that would be obtained if we
treated the entire set of observations as one data set.
With the entire data set as one sample, the formula
for computing the total sum of squares, SST, is:
k
nj
Slide 17
ANOVA Table
ANOVA can be viewed as the process of partitioning
the total sum of squares and the degrees of freedom
into their corresponding sources: treatments and error.
Dividing the sum of squares by the appropriate
degrees of freedom provides the variance estimates
and the F value used to test the hypothesis of equal
population means.
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Reject H0 if F > F
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Observation
Wax
Type 1
Wax
Type 2
Wax
Type 3
1
2
3
4
5
27
30
29
28
31
33
28
31
30
30
29
28
30
32
31
29.0
2.5
30.4
3.3
30.0
2.5
Sample Mean
Sample Variance
Slide 23
H0: 1=2=3
Ha: Not all the means are equal
where:
1 = mean number of washes using Type 1 wax
2 = mean number of washes using Type 2 wax
3 = mean number of washes using Type 3 wax
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2.60
Error
33.2
12
2.77
Total
38.4
14
Treatments
p-Value
.939
.42
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Observation
1
2
3
4
5
Sample Mean
Sample Variance
Plant 1
Buffalo
48
54
57
54
62
Plant 2
Pittsburgh
73
63
66
64
74
Plant 3
Detroit
51
63
61
54
56
55
26.0
68
26.5
57
24.5
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= .05
Slide 33
25.667
Slide 34
Source of
Variation
Sum of Degrees of
Squares Freedom
Treatment
Error
490
308
2
12
Total
798
14
Mean
Square
245
25.667
p-Value
9.55
.0033
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H 0 : i j
H a : i j
Test Statistic
xi x j
MSE( 1 n 1 n )
i
j
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H 0 : i j
H a : i j
Test Statistic
xi x j
Rejection Rule
where
LSD t /2 MSE( 1 n 1 n )
i
j
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Slide 43
Hypotheses (A)
Rejection Rule
H 0 : 1 2
H a : 1 2
Test Statistic
x1 x2 = |55 68| = 13
Conclusion
The mean number of hours worked at Plant 1 is
not equal to the mean number worked at Plant 2.
Slide 44
Hypotheses (B)
Rejection Rule
H 0 : 1 3
H a : 1 3
Test Statistic
x1 x3 = |55 57| = 2
Conclusion
There is no significant difference between the mean
number of hours worked at Plant 1 and the mean
number of hours worked at Plant 3.
Slide 45
Hypotheses (C)
Rejection Rule
H 0 : 2 3
H a : 2 3
Test Statistic
x2 x3 = |68 57| = 11
Conclusion
The mean number of hours worked at Plant 2 is
not equal to the mean number worked at Plant 3.
Slide 46
EW = 1 (1 )(k 1)!
The experiment-wise Type I error rate gets larger for
problems with more populations (larger k).
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