How did states come to be

ORIGIN OF STATES
DIVINE RIGHT THEORY
State is of divine creation and the ruler is
ordained by God to govern the people

NECESSITY or FORCE THEORY

State must have been created through force

by some great warriors who imposed their
will upon the weak

 PATERNALISTIC THEORY
Attributes to the enlargement of family which
remained under the authority of the father or
mother

SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY

States must have been formed by deliberate
and voluntary compact among the people to
form a society and organize government for
their common good

STATE

political concept
not subject to external control
maybe composed of more than
one nation, a nation maybe
composed of several state

vs.

NATION

ethnic concept
group of people bound
together by certain
characteristics
synonymous to people
may or may not be independent
from external control

STATE

vs.

cannot exist without the

government
remains with the presence of
the 4 elements

GOVERNMENT
can exist without the state
may change its form

Both are usually regarded as identical

Acts of the government (within the limits of the delegation of powers) are
the acts of the state
The government being the agent; State being the principal

FORMS OF GOVERNMENT
1) According to the number of persons exercising sovereign powers
MONARCHY supreme and final authority is in the hands of a single person

without regard to the source of his election or nature or

duration of his/her tenure
ABSOLUTE ruler rules by divine right.
- mostly referred to as Autocratic/ Tyrannical
LIMITED MONARCHY ruler rules in accordance with a
constitution
ARISTOCRACY political power is exercised by a few privileged class
Aristocracy or Oligarchy
(Gk) Aristokratia rule of the best

DEMOCRACY political power is exercised by a majority of the people

Latin words demos people; kratus rule
The government of the people, by the people, and for the
people
An individual is given his worth and a dignity of his own that
the society must recognize and respect / free exchange of ideas

Types of Democracy

 INDIRECT, REPRESENTATIVE or REPUBLICAN DEMOCRACY

will of the state is formulated and expressed through the agency
of a relatively small and select body of persons chosen by the
people to act as their representative
DIRECT DEMOCRACY or PURE DEMOCRACY
will of state is formulated or expressed directly and
immediately through the people in a mass meeting or
primary assembly

Guided Democracy modern concept espoused by Pres. Sukarno

of Indonesia
- the concept provides the idea that only the
govt knows what is best for the people
- this concept believes in the strict government
direction of the people towards their wellbeing

 Authoritarian Democracy/ Constitutional Authoritarianism

espoused by Pres. Marcos
- all the powers of the state are centrally
located in a single authority
- according to Marcos: it is a political authority
responding to popular demands, acknowledging the
instability of social change and placing itself at the
center of popular aspirations

Other forms of Government

De jure Government a govt instituted with legal foundation
and with the support of the people
- This government also implies the recognition of other
states in terms of its legality
De facto Government a government that was not legally
established and which has no support from the general public

 Civil Government a government whose powers are in the

hands of the citizens or their representatives
Military Government a government established by a
belligerent power in a vanquished territory occupied by victors
Constitutional Government a govt in which the powers are
defined and limited by a constitution for the protection of the
citizens from arbitrary control of the government
Despotic Government the powers of the ruler are undefined
and unlimited. Sometimes called Tyrannical/Autocratic

Advantages and Disadvantages of

the Types of Government

Dictatorship
One-person ruler. Ruler has total control. Absolute monarchs are also
dictatorship
Advantages

Disadvantages

1.) People may be united in their

loyalty to a dictator since there is no
competition for trust and affection.

1.) People may be afforded little or no

individual liberty. Civil rights are
trampled on.

2.) In an emergency, a dictator can

move quickly to take action. No time
is lost in debate or discussion.

2.) A dictators policies suit his/her

own needs. Needs of the people may
be neglected.
3.) Decision-making has a narrow
base can be flawed, wrong,
dangerous, and not fully supported by
the people.

Oligarchy
Form of government in which the power is in the hands of a few persons or
small group (who have the combined power of a dictator)
Advantages

Disadvantages

1.) Decisions can be made relatively

quick.
Same as Dictatorship

2.) May provide expert leadership

while avoiding the danger of oneperson rule.
3.) In theory, they are the most
educated members of society.
4.) Members of the oligarchy listen to
each other they work together to
rule

(needs and wants of the people are

not necessarily considered)

Direct Democracy
Government in which all citizens have equal power in decision-making
Advantages

Disadvantages

1.) Every citizen has equal power in 1.) Only works when a small number
matters of government. Every citizen of people are involved. Ability to
in involved in the decision-making.
gather all citizens in one place is
necessary.
2.) Since all citizens are involved in
decision-making there is a broad base 2.) Decision-making involving citizens
of support and loyalty.
is time-consuming. All citizens give input, debate, etc
3.) Individual liberties are protected.

Representative Democracy
Government in which people elect representatives who hold the decisionmaking power
Advantages

Disadvantages

1.) Citizens are involved in decision1.) Decision-making is timemaking through their representatives, consuming. Desire of representatives
lobbying, and voting.
to please everyone may cripple the
system.
2.) Representatives are aware that
their jobs depend on meeting the
2.) Representatives may not always
needs of their constituents.
agree with those they represent.
3.) More likely that all elements of
the population are represented.

3.) Lack of involved citizenry may

allow special interest groups to
influence or dominate
4.) Generally, reps are educated and representatives.
more capable citizens who can devote
time needed to solve complex
problems.

2) Extent of powers exercised by the central or national

government
UNITARY control of national or local affairs is exercised by the
central or national government

FEDERAL
powers of the government is divided between two sets:
NATIONAL AFFAIRS
LOCAL AFFAIRS
each set supreme in its own sphere

3) Relationship between the Executive and Legislative branches of

the government
PARLIAMENTARY
state confers upon the legislature the power to terminate the
tenure of office of the real executive
form of government having the real executive power vested
in a cabinet composed of members of the legislature who are
individually and collectively responsible to the legislature

PRESIDENTIAL
state makes the Executive constitutionally independent of the
legislature

Presidential

Separation of powers- executive &

legislative have definite respective
functions
Executive branch- execute/administer
laws
Legislative branch enact, amend,
repeal laws
Judicial branch interpret the law
The chief executive has a fixed term of
office

Parliamentary

Fusion of powers between the prime

minister and most cabinet members
Bec. Some of the executive officials
are also members of the lawmaking
body exercising both executive and
legislative powers

The PM stays in office as long as he holds

the trust and confidence of the parliament

May change the PM by a resolution

through a Vote of No Confidence
PM may terminate the office of the
parliament before its official term

Presidential

Parliamentary

Executive President legally responsible Real Executive PM and his cabinet are
for all his acts and state policies to the
collectively responsible to the parliament
electorate
The presidents accountability is directly
to the people who directly elected him
and not to the legislative body

1 Chief Executive President both the

real and the ceremonial head

2 Chief Executives
Ceremonial / Symbolic performs
ceremonial functions
Actual Head of State administers the
laws of the state

So what is the Philippines form of government?

representative democracy
also embodies some aspects of pure democracy:
initiative
referendum
unitary
presidential with separation of powers