Intro

CSC352/CSC452
Database Programming
Instructor: Lu Zhang, Ph.D.
Email: lzhang@cs.depaul.edu
Office Hours: Monday 4:30 5:30 PM
Monday after class
Prerequisite:
1. CSC319/CSC 449 and (CSC212 or
CSC224).
2. Review chapters 1 and 2 in the
textbook.
CSC452 Database Programming
Textbook and References

Textbook:
Raj Sunderraman, ORACLE9TM Programming:

A Primer, Addison-Wesley
Online Resource:
http://otn.oracle.com/documentation/content.html
Oracle PL/SQL Users Guide and Reference
Topics
Oracle PL/SQL
Introduction to PL/SQL
PL/SQL Language Fundamentals
Conditions, Controls, and Loops
Database Interactions and Cursors
Exception Handlers
Debugging
Procedures and Functions
Packages
PL/SQL and SQL Interactions
Triggers
PL/SQL Best Practices
JDBC API that enables database access
in Java
SQLJ Embedded SQL with Java
Topics
What this course is about
What this course is not about
Grading
Homework/Project: 40% (Late assignments will
be accepted but will be penalized at 16.67% per
day.)
Mid Term: 30% (in-class week 7)
Final: 30% (take-home)
Grades will be assigned based on the following
scale:
A: 90 - 100
B: 80 - 89
C: 70 79
D: 60 69, and
F: 59 and below
The "+" and "-" grade extensions will be used at the
instructor's discretion. Note, however, this does not
elevate grades.
Expectations
Attendance
Classroom participation
Classroom behavior
Homework
Prerequisites
lack of prerequisites might prevent you from fully

mastering the content and affect your overall
grade!
Course On Line
Notes
Homework
Projects
Announcements
Grades
Graders email
etc.
About Email
Make sure that your email address is
current and correct in the system
For yahoo and hotmail users, make sure
that your account is not over the quota
What and how should I email?
What shouldnt I email?
Programming Environment
Hawk and Oracle Account

Hawk
telnet hawk.depaul.edu
change password
hawk% passwd (Change password.)

Changing password for xxxxxx
Old password: xxxxxxx
New password: xxxxxxx (Not echoed to screen.)
Verification: xxxxxxx (Not echoed to screen.)
.login file add the following line

logout
source /usr/local/oracle.csh
hawk% exit
Some Useful UNIX commands
ls
ls la
mkdir <dir-name>
cd <dir-name>
pwd
cd..
cp <file1> <file2>
mv <file1> <file2>
passwd
rm <file1>
rmdir
rm r <dir>
cat <file1>
more <file1>
list the file in that directory

list files (include hidden ones) in details
make a new directory
change directory
show the current working directory
go up one level of the directory
copy file1 to file2
rename file1 to a new name: file2
change UNIX password
delete file1
delete directory and all its contents
delete directory
display the contents of file1
display contents of file1 one page at a time

Oracle:to connect to Oracle, type sqlplus after
the prompt
hawk% sqlplus
You will then be prompted for your Oracle username and
password. Once you have successfully logged into
Oracle, youll get the prompt:
SQL>
To change your Oracle password, execute the

following SQL command:
SQL> password
Then follow the instructions.

Disconnect from ORACLE
SQL> exit

Useful sqlplus commands:
1. To get help:
e.g.,
SQL> help commands

SQL> help save
2.
To run an SQL command, type the SQL

statement followed by a semi-colon (;):
SQL> select * from myTable;
or by entering a slash (/) on a separate line

by itself:
SQL> select * from myTable
SQL> /
3.
To run a command saved in the buffer:

SQL> run

4. If you wish to save your SQL statement, you
can save it to a file (e.g., mySQLstatement.sql)
by the following command:
SQL> save mySQLstatement
5.
You can edit saved SQL statements

SQL> edit
6.
To read/fetch the SQL statement you have

saved in a file (e.g., mySQLstatement), do the
following:
SQL> get mySQLstatement
and run it by type in / followed by the ENTER

key

7. Executing SQL statements saved in a file
(e.g., mySQLstatement.sql), do the following:
SQL> start mySQLstatement
8.
You can save the output from your SQL

statements to a file by using the spool
command:
SQL> spool file_name
It continues to spool until you turn it off by:

SQL> spool off

Transferring files
ftp ftp hawk.depaul.edu
cd change directories on the remote machine
lcd change directories on the local machine
put transfer files from the local machine to
the remote machine
get transfer files from the remote machine
to the local machine
mput transfer multiple files from the local
machine to the remote machine
mget transfer multiple files from the remote
machine to the local machine
prompt
Oracle Installed on Local PC

connect to local Oracle



connect to remote Hawk Oracle account net service
# TNSNAMES.ORA Network Configuration File: C:\oracle\ora90\network\admin\tnsnames.ora

# Generated by Oracle configuration tools.
INST1_HTTP.CSTCIS.CTI.DEPAUL.EDU =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS_LIST =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = lzhanglap)(PORT = 1521))
)
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SERVER = SHARED)
(SERVICE_NAME = MODOSE)
(PRESENTATION = http://HRService)
)
)
EXTPROC_CONNECTION_DATA.CSTCIS.CTI.DEPAUL.EDU =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS_LIST =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = IPC)(KEY = EXTPROC0))
)
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SID = PLSExtProc)
(PRESENTATION = RO)
)
)
LAPTOP.CSTCIS.CTI.DEPAUL.EDU =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS_LIST =
)
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SERVER = DEDICATED)
(SERVICE_NAME = LAPTOP)
)
)
# TNSNAMES.ORA Network Configuration File: C:\oracle\ora92\network\admin\tnsnames.ora

# Generated by Oracle configuration tools.
INST1_HTTP.CSTCIS.CTI.DEPAUL.EDU =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS_LIST =
)
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SERVER = SHARED)
(SERVICE_NAME = MODOSE)
(PRESENTATION = http://HRService)
)
)
EXTPROC_CONNECTION_DATA.CSTCIS.CTI.DEPAUL.EDU =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS_LIST =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = IPC)(KEY = EXTPROC0))
)
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SID = PLSExtProc)
(PRESENTATION = RO)
)
)
STUDENT.CSTCIS.CTI.DEPAUL.EDU =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS_LIST =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = hawk.depaul.edu)(PORT = 1521))
)
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SERVICE_NAME = student.dpu)
)
)
LAPTOP.CSTCIS.CTI.DEPAUL.EDU =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS_LIST =
)
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SERVER = DEDICATED)
(SERVICE_NAME = LAPTOP)
)
)

connect to remote Hawk Oracle account - net service
Tools
SQL Navigator (server side only)
DBArtisan
etc.
Homework - dont need to turn in
Review relational database concepts and

SQL. Read chapters 1 and 2 of the
textbook.
Try to set up your programming
environment, log into your Oracle account,
and practice the various SQLplus
commands.
Assignment #1 (see COL) need to turn in

What Is PL/SQL?
PL/SQL stands for
Procedural Language extensions to SQL
combines the data manipulating power of

SQL with the data processing power of
procedural languages.
What Is PL/SQL?
PL/SQL, Oracles procedural extension of
SQL, is an advanced fourth-generation
programming language (4GL). It offers modern
features such as data encapsulation,
overloading, collection types, exception
handling, and information hiding. PL/SQL also
offers seamless SQL access, tight integration
with the Oracle server and tools, portability,
and security. Oracle PL/SQL Users Guide
and Reference
Readings: Chapter 4
What Is PL/SQL?
1. Design features of programming languages.
2. Data manipulation and query statements (i.e.,
SQL) capabilities (are included within
procedural units of code.)
3. Interactions between programming language
constructs and SQL
Readings: Chapter 4
What Is PL/SQL? (Main Features of PL/SQL)

(IMPLICIT)
CURSOR
FLOW
CONTROL
ERROR
HANDLING
DECLARE
VARIABLES
qty_on_hand NUMBER(5);
BEGIN
SELECT quantity INTO qty_on_hand FROM inventory
WHERE product = TENNIS RACKET FOR UPDATE OF quantity;
IF qty_on_hand > 0 THEN -- check quantity
UPDATE inventory SET quantity = quantity - 1
SQL STATEMENT
WHERE product = TENNIS RACKET;
INSERT INTO purchase_record
VALUES (Tennis racket purchased, SYSDATE);
ELSE
INSERT INTO purchase_record
VALUES (Out of tennis rackets, SYSDATE);
END IF;
COMMIT;
EXCEPTION
WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN
INSERT INTO temp VALUES (NULL, NULL, Not found);
COMMIT;
END;

PL/SQL is a block-structured language. PL/SQL procedures,
functions, and anonymous blocks (the basic unit of PL/SQL) are all
block-structure based. In PL/SQL, blocks can contain any number
of nested sub-blocks. You can nest sub-blocks in the executable
and exception-handling parts of a PL/SQL block or subprogram
but not in the declarative part. Also, you can define local
subprograms in the declarative part of any block. However, you
can call local subprograms only from the block in which they are
defined. Typically, each block corresponds to a problem or
subproblem to be solved (divide and conquer)
Block Structure
[BLOCK HEADER
IS]
[DECLARE
-- declarations]
BEGIN
-- statements
[EXCEPTION
-- handlers]
END;
Block Header (optional)

Declarative Part (optional)
- local to the block only
Executable Part (required)
Exception-Handling
Part (optional)
Required
Variables and Constants

Declaring Variables
part_no NUMBER(4);
in_stock BOOLEAN;
Variables can have any SQL data types such as CHAR, DATE,
or NUMBER, or any PL/SQL data type such as BOOLEAN or
BINARY_INTEGER. You can also declare nested tables,
variable-size arrays (varrays for short), and records using the
TABLE, VARRAY, and RECORD composite datatypes.

Assigning Values to Variables (three different
ways)
1. part_no := 1001;
in_stock := TRUE;
2. SELECT pno INTO part_no FROM part

WHERE color = red;
3. DECLARE
my_sal REAL(7,2);
PROCEDURE adjust_salary (emp_id INT, salary IN OUT REAL)
IS ...
BEGIN
SELECT AVG(sal) INTO my_sal FROM emp;
adjust_salary(7788, my_sal); -- assigns a new value to my_sal

Declaring Constants
Declaring a constant is like declaring a variable

except that you must add the keyword CONSTANT
and immediately assign a value to the constant.
Thereafter, no more assignments to the constant
are allowed.
credit_limit CONSTANT REAL := 5000.00;

In PL/SQL, variables and constants must be
declared before they are been referenced.
Forward references are not allowed. The
declarations are local to the block and cease to
exist when the block completes.
Cursors
Oracle uses work areas to execute SQL statements
and store processing information. A cursor lets you
name a work area and access its stored information.
You can use the OPEN, FETCH, and CLOSE
statements or the Cursor For loops to control
cursors.
cursor
1
2
3
4
5
Jane
John
Jack
Jill
Jesse
Doe
Doe
Doe
Doe
Doe
current row
Attributes
%TYPE declares variables according to:

- A database column definition
- Another previously declared variable
v_ename
v_data
v_total_data
emp.name%TYPE;
NUMBER(20, 2);
v_data%TYPE;
%ROWTYPE declares variables according to rows in database

tables
v_employee
employee%ROWTYPE;
Attributes
Advantages:
1. dont need to know the exact data type of the
underlying database column, and
2. if the data type of the underlying database
column or the variable an attribute references got
changed, the data type of the attribute changes
accordingly at run time.
Control Structures
Conditional Control
1. IF-THEN-ELSE statements
2. CASE statements
Iterative Control
1. Loop statements
2. For-loop statements
3. While-loop statements
Sequential Control
1. Goto statements
Modularity
Procedures and Functions named PL/SQL blocks

PROCEDURE award_bonus (emp_id NUMBER) IS
bonus REAL;
comm_missing EXCEPTION;
BEGIN -- executable part starts here
SELECT comm * 0.15 INTO bonus FROM emp WHERE empno = emp_id;
IF bonus IS NULL THEN
RAISE comm_missing;
ELSE
UPDATE payroll SET pay = pay + bonus WHERE empno = emp_id;
END IF;
EXCEPTION -- exception-handling part starts here
WHEN comm_missing THEN
...
END award_bonus;
Block Structure
[BLOCK HEADER
IS]
[DECLARE
-- declarations]
BEGIN
-- statements
[EXCEPTION
-- handlers]
END;
Block Header (optional)

Declarative Part (optional)
- local to the block only
Executable Part (required)
Exception-Handling
Part (optional)
Required
Modularity
A package is a PL/SQL construct that allows related objects

to be stored together. Packages are used to bundle logically
related types, variables, cursors, and subprograms.
CREATE PACKAGE emp_actions AS -- package specification
PROCEDURE hire_employee (empno NUMBER, ename CHAR, ...);
PROCEDURE fire_employee (emp_id NUMBER);
END emp_actions;
CREATE PACKAGE BODY emp_actions AS -- package body
PROCEDURE hire_employee (empno NUMBER, ename CHAR, ...) IS
BEGIN
INSERT INTO emp VALUES (empno, ename, ...);
END hire_employee;
PROCEDURE fire_employee (emp_id NUMBER) IS
BEGIN
DELETE FROM emp WHERE empno = emp_id;
END fire_employee;
END emp_actions;
Data Abstraction and Information Hiding
Collections
The collection types TABLE and VARRAY works like arrays. A
collection is an ordered group of elements, all of the same
type. Each element has a unique subscript that determines its
position in the collection.
Records
You can use the %ROWTYPE attribute to declare a record
that represents a row in a table or a row fetched from a
cursor. You can declare fields of your own with user-defined
records. You can also nest records. That is, a record can be
a component of another record.
Data Abstraction and Information Hiding
Object Types
In PL/SQL, object-oriented programming is based on object
types. An object type encapsulates a data structure along with
the functions and procedures needed to manipulate the data.
The variables that form the data structure are called
attributes. The functions and procedures that characterize the
behavior of the object type are called methods.
CREATE TYPE Bank_Account AS OBJECT (
acct_number INTEGER(5),
balance REAL,
status VARCHAR2(10),
MEMBER PROCEDURE open (amount IN REAL),
MEMBER PROCEDURE verify_acct (num IN INTEGER),
MEMBER PROCEDURE close (num IN INTEGER, amount OUT REAL),
MEMBER PROCEDURE deposit (num IN INTEGER, amount IN REAL),
MEMBER PROCEDURE withdraw (num IN INTEGER, amount IN REAL),
MEMBER FUNCTION curr_bal (num IN INTEGER) RETURN REAL
);
Error Handling Exceptions
Exceptions are predefined and user-defined error conditions.

When an error occurs, an exception is raised. That is,
normal execution stops and control transfers to the
exception-handling part of the underlying PL/SQL block or
subprogram. To handle raised exceptions, you write separate
routines called exception handlers.
Predefined exceptions are raised implicitly by the runtime
system. For example, if you try to divide a number by zero,
PL/SQL raises the predefined exception ZERO_DIVIDE
automatically. You must raise user-defined exceptions
explicitly with the RAISE statement.
Error Handling Exceptions
DECLARE
...
comm_missing EXCEPTION; -- declare exception
BEGIN
...
IF commission IS NULL THEN
RAISE comm_missing; -- raise exception
END IF;
bonus := (salary * 0.10) + (commission * 0.15);
EXCEPTION
WHEN comm_missing THEN ... -- process the exception
PL/SQL Architecture
PL/SQL can reside in two environments:
1. Oracle Database Server
2. Oracle Tools (forms and reports)
Client
Side
3rd Party Application

Development Tools
SQL*Plus
PL/SQL
Programs
PL/SQL
Programs
Server
Oracle Server
Side
PL/SQL Engine
Procedural
Statement
Executor
Oracle Tools (forms and reports)

PL/SQL
Engine
SQL
Stored Program Unit
PL/SQL
Procedural
Block
PL/SQL
Programs
SQL
SQL
Statement
Executor
Advantages of PL/SQL
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Support for SQL

Support for object-oriented programming
Better performance
Higher productivity
Full portability
Tight integration with Oracle
Tight security
Advantages of PL/SQL Better Performance

SQL
Client
SQL
Server
SQL
Client
Client
SQL
IF THEN
SQL
ELSE
SQL
END IF;
SQL
RPC
Server
Server
(stored
PL/SQL)
To PL/SQL or Not To PL/SQL?
PL/SQL is Oracle's procedural extension to industrystandard SQL. PL/SQL naturally, efficiently, and
safely extends SQL. Its primary strength is in
providing a server-side, stored procedural language
that is easy-to-use, seamless with SQL, robust,
portable, and secure. Thus, it offers a platform for
robust, high-performing enterprise applications, not
only for our Fortune 500 customers
To PL/SQL or Not To PL/SQL?
PL/SQL:
Data centric and tightly integrated into the database
Proprietary to Oracle and difficult to port to other database
systems
Processing is done inside the database engine so it is faster
in PL/SQL than in Java
PL/SQL is a better solution for SQL-intensive applications.
PL/SQL is optimized for SQL, and so SQL operations are
faster in PL/SQL than in Java.
Java:
Open standard, not proprietary to Oracle
Incurs some data conversion overhead between the Database
and Java type systems
is a better solution for logic-intensive applications.

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Intro

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CSC352/CSC452

CSC452 Database Programming

Textbook and References

Raj Sunderraman, ORACLE9TM Programming:

Oracle PL/SQL Users Guide and Reference

CSC452 Database Programming

CSC452 Database Programming

What this course is about

What this course is not about

CSC452 Database Programming

CSC452 Database Programming

lack of prerequisites might prevent you from fully

CSC452 Database Programming

CSC452 Database Programming

Hawk and Oracle Account

hawk% passwd (Change password.)

.login file add the following line

CSC452 Database Programming

Some Useful UNIX commands

list the file in that directory

CSC452 Database Programming

Hawk and Oracle Account

To change your Oracle password, execute the

Then follow the instructions.

CSC452 Database Programming

Hawk and Oracle Account

SQL> help commands

To run an SQL command, type the SQL

or by entering a slash (/) on a separate line

To run a command saved in the buffer:

CSC452 Database Programming

Hawk and Oracle Account

You can edit saved SQL statements

To read/fetch the SQL statement you have

and run it by type in / followed by the ENTER

Hawk and Oracle Account

You can save the output from your SQL

It continues to spool until you turn it off by:

Hawk and Oracle Account

Oracle Installed on Local PC

CSC452 Database Programming

Oracle Installed on Local PC

CSC452 Database Programming

Oracle Installed on Local PC

CSC452 Database Programming

Oracle Installed on Local PC

CSC452 Database Programming

# TNSNAMES.ORA Network Configuration File: C:\oracle\ora90\network\admin\tnsnames.ora

# TNSNAMES.ORA Network Configuration File: C:\oracle\ora92\network\admin\tnsnames.ora

Oracle Installed on Local PC

CSC452 Database Programming

CSC452 Database Programming

Homework - dont need to turn in

Review relational database concepts and

Assignment #1 (see COL) need to turn in

PL/SQL stands for

Procedural Language extensions to SQL

combines the data manipulating power of

CSC452 Database Programming

CSC452 Database Programming

CSC452 Database Programming

What Is PL/SQL? (Main Features of PL/SQL)

CSC452 Database Programming