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Outline
Introduction
Some features of cold-formed EC3
Materials
Geometry
Local and distortional buckling
Member resistance
Design assisted by testing
Beams restrained by sheeting
Numerical example
The Eurocodes
Eurocode 3
Principle of verifications
Limit state design:
Rk
Rd
gG ,Q ,...yE k Ed
gM
Partial safety factor for the resistance: gM
Partial safety factor for the loads: gG, gQ
Combination factor: y
Basic notations
Materials
60+ standardized steel material
Yield strength: 220 700 MPa (32 101 ksi)
According to EN and ISO standards
Restrictions may apply for higher strength materials
Other materials are allowed
Requirements for other mats. are given
Rounded corners
In general: fictitious plane elements are introduced
Upper limit:
r 0.04tE/fy test is necessary
Lower (optional) limit:
r 5t and r 0.1bp the effect can be neglected
Geometrical limits
b/t ratios, similar to AISI Spec.
+ limit for web inclination
Local buckling
Effective width approach
Effective width: similar to Winter formula, but modified
for outstand elements
for stress gradient
Effective sections:
Distortional buckling
Reduced thickness is determined for the stiffeners (or
other distorted parts)
For C/Z sections: hand method is given
For other sections: numerical method is necessary
Effective widths must be calculated prior to reduced
thickness !
Verification:
Normal force + vertical bending + lateral bending
Buckling
Numerical example
A numerical example has been worked out
Local and distortional buckling of Z/C beams
EXAMPLE
Thank you.
elastic
plastic
elastic
plastic
shear buckling
shear yielding