Topics Covered

Network Software
OSI Reference Model
 Network Software
 Basic activities :
• reliability (error correction, messages order preservation),
• flow control,
• addressing (to refer to users),
• connection and disconnection,
• routing.

 Secondary activities :
• take the heterogeneity of the network into account,
• synchronization of the transmission,
• multiplexing- de multiplexing,
• error recovery,
• congestion control,
• failure management,
Layers, Protocols & Interfaces
 Design issues for layers

• Identifying senders & receivers

• Rules of Data transfer
• Error control
• Sequencing
• Speed regulation
• Inability to process long messages
• Multiplexing
• Routing
Interfaces & services
Service Provider
Service User
Peer Entities

SAP-Service Access Point

IDU-Interface Data Unit
SDU-Service Data Unit
PDU-Protocol data Unit
ICI-Interface Control Information
Types of services
Connection-oriented services
Connectionless services

Service Primitives

Services/Protocols Relations
 OSI Reference model
(7 layered )
• Principles

1. Different level of abstraction.

2. Well defined function.
3. Defining international standard protocols.
4. Minimum information flow across interfaces.
5. No. of layers.

Not a network Architecture

OSI Model

Medium/Channel
 Physical Layer
• Transmitting raw bits over a communication
channel.

• Design issues :Mechanical

Electrical
Procedural

• Protocols: Fast Ethernet, RS232, and ATM

 Data Link Layer
• Handles errors in the physical layer
• Frame boundaries: special bit patterns
• Problem of damaged, lost & duplicate frames.
• Speed matching
• Transmission in both directions
• Broadcast n/w s
Data Link layer

MAC LLC
Medium Access Layer Logical Link Layer
 Network Layer
• Controlling the operation of the subnet.
• Switching & Routing: Virtual circuits
• Congestion control
• Heterogeneous networks
• Billing purpose
 Transport Layer
(End to End layer)

• Insulates the upper layers

• Efficient transfer of data between layers.
• Establishing two types of connections:
network connections
 transport connections
• Type of service to the service layer.
• Supports multiprogramming
• Flow control
 Session Layer

• Establish the sessions.

• Dialogue control
• Token management
• Synchronization
Presentation Layer :compatibility problems

 Application Layer: supports end user processes

Data Transmission
ENCAPSULATION
 Criticism of the model
• It was not the right moment
• It was not the right technology
• It was not the right implementation
• It was not the right policy