A Course to survive

Marina`s Classes.

 Grammar is the study of the rules governing

the use of a given natural language, and, as
such, is a field of linguistics.
Traditionally, grammar included
morphology and syntax.

In modern linguistics these

subfields are complemented
by phonetics, phonology, semantics,
and pragmatics.

 In Linguistics Syntax are the rules of a

language that show how the words of
that language are to be arranged to
make a sentence of that language.
So
It is the study of how words are
combined together to form sentences.

The five grammatical units:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

The Sentence: Composed by one 0r more Clauses.

The Clause: Composed by one 0r more Phrases.
The Phrase: Composed by one 0r more words.
The word: Composed by one 0r more morphemes.
The Morpheme: The smallest unit in form and meaning.

Classification by structure :

A Simple Sentence

consists of a single independent Clause with no dependent Clauses.

A Compound sentence

consists of multiple independent clauses with no dependent clauses. These clauses

are joined together using Conjunctions, punctuation, or both. (and, but, so, etc)

A Complex Sentence

consists of one or more independent clauses with at least one dependent clause
(That, if, whether, etc)

A compound-complex sentence

consists of multiple independent clauses, at least one of which has at least one
dependent clause. (Coord and subordinators)

The Inspector abandoned the

investigation.

The Inspector abandoned the

investigation but I didnt.

He said that the man was

dead.

He said that the man was

dead and he abandoned the
investigation.

 According to Syntax the component parts of

a sentence are called CONSTITUENTS
Which are the natural groupings of a
sentence.

Each of them has:

a Grammatical Category (Whether it is a noun phrase, a
verb phrase, etc)

and

a Grammatical Function (whether it is the subject, or

object, or predicate, etc)

A constituent is formed if
1) Constituents can stand alone
Ex. What did you find? A puppy (not found a)
2) Constituents can be replaced by one word.
Ex. Where did you find a puppy? I found HIM in
the park.
3) Constituents move together.
Ex. It was [a puppy] that the child found.
[A puppy] was found by the child.

CONSTITUENTS
Categories

Functions

Noun Phrase
Verb Phrase
Adjectival Phrase
Adverbial Phrase
Prepositional Phrase
Gerundial Phrase
Infinitival Phrase
Participial Phrase
Noun Clause
That Noun Clause
If/Whether or not Clause
Wh- interrogative Clause
Nominal Noun Clauses
Defining Relative Clause
Non-Defining Relative Clause

Subject
Predicate
Verb Auxiliary Verb
Direct Object
Indirect Object
Subjective Complement
Objective Complement
Quasi-predicative
Adverbial Adjunct
Real Subject in Extra Position
Anticipatory Subject
Anticipatory Object
Predicator Complement
Prepositional Complement
Adjectival Complement

Categories Functioning as Subject:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

A Noun Phrase The Car is White.

A Pronoun He is Tall.
A Gerund Smoking is bad .
An Infinitive To study Grammar is Fun.
A Noun Clause What he said is right.

Verbs can be either Transitive or Intransitive;

and their predication can be either Complete or
Incomplete.
I.V.C.P = S + [ V + (A.A) ]
T.V.C.P = S + [ V + D.O + (A.A) ]
BI T.V.C.P = S+ [ V+ D.O. + I.O + (A.A) ]

T.V.I.P = S + [ V + D.O. + O.C + (A.A)]

I.V.I.P = [V + S.C + (A.A) ]

Categories that function as S.C:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

An adjective: It was Dark

A participle: That is interesting
A prepositional Phrase: It is near London.
A noun Phrase: This is a book
A gerundial Phrase: That is cheating!
A noun Clause: That is what I want
An Adverbial Phrase: He is out.
An Infinitival Phrase: To see him is to love him.

Look,sound, taste, smell, feel

Appear, Seem
Lie, Stand, rest, remain, keep

1.

Dynamic Verbs or Inchoative Verbs:

To become, to come, to get, to go, to grow, to fall, to run,
to turn.

Has the following characteristics:

1. It may become the subject of the passive.
2. It answers the question What.

Categories Functioning as D.O:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

A Noun Phrase He has lit a cigarret.

A Pronoun Dont hit me.
A Gerund He loves reading .
An Infinitive I want to go away.
A Noun Clause Describe what you saw

The person who receives something (D.O)

For + NP= Intended I.O I bought a Sweater for John.

Categories Functioning as I.O:

A Noun Phrase I gave the beggar a coin

A Pronoun Give me that.
A Gerund Give studing a bit of chance.
A Prepositional Phrase He gave it to me
A Noun Clause Give whoever comes this box.

The relation between D.O and the O.C is that of S P

An easy test for O.C I thought her beautiful She (her) is beautiful

Categories Functioning as O.C:

A Noun Phrase We appointed Newton President.
A Noun Clause We made him what he is.
A Gerund I call that Cheating.
An Infinitival Phrase I don`t want anyone to know
A Prepositional Phrase We left her in tears
An Adjectival Phrase I found the box empty.
A Participial Phrase I heard my name called

Sentence Advervials

The Predicator Complement

Adjectival Complement

The Agentive Complement

The Quasi Predicative

Semantic analisis

Verbs

Nouns

Adjectives

Adverbs

Articles

Conjunctions