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BASICS OF PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY
Density difference
Viscosity difference
Pf
Ps
FIG -1.2
Path
Sector
3
Tubing
Path Sector 2
Path Sector 1
Reservoir Drainage area
Fig 1.4a
10
P
Decreasing GLR
IPR
0
Liquid Rate
Keeping THP Constant
11
IPR
TIC
Pwf
Operating
Point
0
QL QL max
Liquid
Keeping GLR & THP
Rate
constant
Fig. 1.4 (c)
12
Pwf
Q max
Q max
13
PRESSURE
G
O
R
P
R
E
P S
I S.
PI
GOR
CUMM. PROD.
14
RESV.
PRESS.
GOR
GOR
PI
RESV.
PRESS
PI
CUMM. PROD.
15
RESV.
PRESS.
P.I
GOR
RESV.
PRESS.
GOR
PI
CUMM. PROD.
FIG. -1.4-4 : Typical Performance For A Gas cap Expansion Drive
Reservoir.
16
Pr
Pb
VOGEL
BEHAVIOR
Pwf
qb
PRESS .
J Pb/1.8
qmax
q
0
RATE.
17
Np/N = 0.1%
2%
4%
6%
CUMM. REC.,
% OF
ORIGINAL OIL
IN PLACE
8%
10 %
12 %
14 %
PRODUCING RATE , M3/D
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Pwf = Pr
Where ,
P.I = Productivity index.
Pwf
Pr = Reservoir Pressure.
Pwf = 0
Pwf = Flowing bottom hole pressure.
Q Pr - Pwf
Qmax
Q = K (Pr - Pwf)
K = Q / (Pr - Pwf)
Where K is a constant, known as PI
Pwf
Pr
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INFLOW PERFORMANCE
VOGELS WORK ON IPR :
From general IPR equation i.e.
J = qo / ( Pr - Pwf ) --------------- ( 1 )
When Pwf is zero , the qo becomes maximum and denoted as
qmax.
That is
or
J = qmax / ( Pr- 0 )
J = qmax / Pr----------------- ( 2 )
Contd.--------------
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INFLOW PERFORMANCE
VOGELS WORK ON IPR :
Dividing equation ( 1 ) by ( 2 )
J/J
qo / ( Pr - Pwf ) * Pr / qmax
or
qo / qmax = ( Pr - Pwf ) / Pr
or
qo / qmax = ( Pr / Pr ) - ( Pwf / Pr )
or
qo / qmax = 1 - ( Pwf / Pr )
21
INFLOW PERFORMANCE
VOGELS WORK ON IPR :
He distributed {Pwf / Pr } in the following manner
/ Pr
22
INFLOW PERFORMANCE
VOGELS WORK ON IPR :
The minimum and maximum values qo /
in each case is 0 and 1.0.
1.00
0.80
0.60
Pwf/Pr
0.40
0.20
0
0.20
0.40
0.60
qo / qmax
0.80
1.00
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INFLOW PERFORMANCE
STANDINGS EXTENSION OF VOGELS IPR
FOR DAMAGED OR IMPROVED WELL :
According to him, flow efficiency is defined as :
Pwf
Pr
(DP) Skin
So, Pwf = Pwf + (DP) Skin
Contd.-----
24
26
102
(P 2 P 2)
r
f
10
27
FLOW PATTERNS
+ Multiphase Correlations
+ Usefulness of multiphase Correlations
28
MULTIPHASE FLOW
Number of flow regimes may be divided into two broad
divisions :
MULTIPHASE FLOW
Refers to more than one fluid medium , for example
Oil , Water and Gas.
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MULTIPHASE FLOW
MULTIPHASE FLOW
VERTICAL /
INCLINED FLOW
HORIZONTAL FLOW
STRATIFIED
SMOOTH
WAVY
INTERMITTENT
SLUG
ANNULAR
DISPERSED BUBBLE
ELONGATED BUBBLE
BUBBLE
SLUG
CHURN
ANNULAR
31
MULTIPHASE FLOW
HORIZONTAL FLOW
Fig2.2A
Fig-2.2B
32
MULTIPHASE FLOW
HORIZONTAL FLOW
Fig-2.2C
33
MULTIPHASE FLOW
HORIZONTAL FLOW
ANNULAR FLOW
Fig-2.2E
34
MULTIPHASE FLOW
HORIZONTAL FLOW
DISPERSED BUBBLE FLOW
Fig2.2F
35
MULTIPHASE FLOW
36
MULTIPHASE FLOW
37
MULTIPHASE FLOW
38
MULTIPHASE FLOW
39
MULTIPHASE FLOW
Effect of variables
Line Size
Flow Rate
Gas-Liquid Ratios
WaterCut
Viscosity
Slippage
Kinetic energy term
40
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42
Effect of variables
Tubing Size
Flow Rate, Density
Gas-Liquid Ratio
Water Cut
Viscosity
Slippage ,Kinetic Energy term
Inclination Angle
43
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MULTIPHASE FLOW
HORIZONTAL
FLOW
FLOW
CORRELATIONS
INCLINED
FLOW
VERTICAL
FLOW
45
46
MULTIPHASE FLOW
VARIOUS ASSUMPSIONS TAKEN FOR
DIFFERENT CORRELATIONS :
Fluid must be free from emulsion.
Fluid must be free from scale / paraffin build up.
47
Andrews
et al.
Baker
CORRELATIONS
FOR
HORIZONTAL
MULTIPHASE FLOW
Eaton et al.
Dukler
et al.
48
MULTIPHASE FLOW
Govier
& Aziz
Winkler &
Smith
Beggs &
Brill
VERTICAL FLOW
CORRELATIONS Orkiszewski
Hagedorn Brown
49
MULTIPHASE FLOW
FLANIGAN
CORRELATION
INCLINED FLOW
CORRELATIONS
BEGGS & BRILL
CORRELATION
50
Decreasing GLR
Flow line
Length
51
Increasing GLR
Depth
Well Depth
52
53
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MULTIPHASE FLOW
USEFULNESS OF VARIOUS CORRELATIONS :
Selecting tubing sizes.
Predicting when the well will cease to flow.
Designing of artificial lift.
Determining flowing bottom hole pressures from the
wellhead pressures.
Determining the flowing bottom hole pressure, which
in turn help in determining P.I. of the well.
Predicting maximum flow rates possible.
Predicting whether the well is able to flow as per the
present & future profile.
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