Galvanometer as Ammeter/

Voltmeter
Galvanometer_diagram.svg
Using Right hand Rule Force F is developed while
Flux density B from permanent magnet along with
I Current passing through the coil is present:

ur r ur
F= I xB

Application of Ammeter/Voltmeter

Moving Coil Ammeter

Linear Scale due to

Moving Coil

Moving Iron Ammeter

Non-linear Scale
Due to
Moving Iron

Ammeter
An ammeter consists of a galvanometer with a
shunt resistor. The input current iin
divides with im passing
i in
through the meter and i m = 1 + (R / R )
m
sh
ish Passing the shunt.
It is clear from Fig:

Design of Ammeter

If Rm=50 ohm and it is required that full scale

capability of 1 mA is to measure up to 5 A:

im
Rsh =
Rm
i in - i m
Rsh = 0.001*50/(5-0.001)
0.01 Ohm

Voltmeter

Galvanometer is used as a voltmeter by

connecting a series resistor Rse
where current remains
same but total
resistance is
extended to extend
the scale.
Vin = Vm + Vse

Design of Voltmeter

A full scale 1 mA Galvano of 50 0hm to

measure 5 Volt FS:

Rse

Vfs
=
- Rm
im

Rse = (5/0.001)- 50
= 4950 Ohms
A series resistance of 4950 Ohm will enable
the same to read FS 5 Volts

Electrodynamometer

Electrodynamometer
Wattmeter

Wattmeter

The fixed coil of the wattmeter is connected in series with the circuit
(load), and the moving coil is connected across the line. When line
current flows through the fixed coil of a wattmeter, a field is set up
around the coil. The strength of this field is in phase with and
proportional to the line current. The moving coil of the wattmeter
generally has a high-resistance resistor connected in series with it.
The purpose for this connection is to make the moving-coil circuit of
the meter as purely resistive as possible. As a result, current in the
voltage circuit is practically in phase with line voltage. Therefore,
when voltage is impressed on the voltage circuit, current is
proportional to and in phase with the line voltage.

Iur uuu
r
W = V .Iq

W = V .I.cos q

Tutorials
Where:
Ti

Torque developed due to current

No of turns of the coil carrying current

Flux density created by the magnet

axial length of the coil under the pole

mean diameter of the coil

current passing through the coil

Tc

torque developed in Control spring

stiffness constant of the spring

angular deflection turned due to current

sensitivity or calibration constant of the meter

Ti = Nb LDi

Where:

Tc = kq
While

N b LD
q=
i = Si
k

Ti = Tc
Where:

Tutorial..

Full scale range of GALVANO is 25uA, while

full deflection is 45 degree. Determine the
sensitivityS:
N b LD
q=
i = Si
k
Therefore :
S = /i
S = 45/25x10-6
= 40000deg/A

Assignment 1
Q.No 1: A galvano of 3 Ohm resistance reads a
maximum current of 150 milliampere. How can
it be used for:
A.
B.

A voltmeter to read upto 15 volts

An ammeter to read upto 30 ampere

Q.No 2: In a voltmeter the moving coil consists of

100 turns wound on a square former has a
length of 3 cm and a flux density in the air 0.06
Wb/m3. Calculate deflecting torque when the
coil is carrying a current of 12 milliampere.

Strip Chart Recorder

This utilizes a servomotor-driven null-balance potentiometeric circuit. Input is amplified
and fed to servo amplifier to produce error signal using feedback. Servo motor poition
wiper and pen across moving chart for recording signals.
Feedback

Reference
Voltage +
Printer roller

Wiper &
Pen drive

Zero
set

Chart paper

_
Input
signal

Signal
amplifier

Servo
amplifier

Servo
motor
Gear Dive
Reference
voltage Synchronous
Motor

Typical Specifications of
Chart Recorder
Paper width: 120-250mm;
Speed:
25mm/h to 250mm/h

Sensitivity:
Response Time:

5mV to 100V
0.5 seconds

Typical Applications
Any time varying variable can be manipulated for record
on Chart Recorders as part of overall Database; such as:

ECG
Weather Forecast

Temperature
Pressure
Humidity

Seismic History

X-Y Recorders

Working of the recorder is again based on dual servo motor-driven

null-potentiometric circuits as described in Chart Recorder.
Paper is stationary rather than
rolling along time.
Pen is controlled in both axes;
x and y direction.
The recorder may have
single or multiple pens
with different colors
Many have time base
available for time varying
quantities.