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A
N1
N2
P D
i
r1 O r2
Prism
Refracting Surfaces
In quadrilateral APOQ,
A + O = 180
.(1)
A = r1 + r2
From (3),
= (i + e) (A)
In triangle OPQ,
r1 + r2 + O = 180
.(2)
or
i+e=A+
In triangle DPQ,
= (i - r1) + (e - r2)
= (i + e) (r1 + r2) .(3)
i=e
and
r1 = r2 = r (say)
i+e=A+
i = (A + m) / 2
sin i
sin r1
r=A/2
2 i = A + m
sin i
sin
sin r
(A + m)
2
A
sin
i=e
sin i
and
sin e
sin r1
sin r2
and =
r1
e
r2
i + e = (r1 + r2) = A
But i + e = A +
So, A + = A
or
= A ( 1)
D
v
White
light
B
Screen
Cause of Dispersion:
v =
sin i
sin rv
and
r =
sin i
sin rr
b
2
c
+
Since v < r ,
v > r
But = A ( 1)
Therefore,
v > r
Angular Dispersion:
1. The difference in the deviations suffered by two colours in passing
through a prism gives the angular dispersion for those colours.
2. The angle between the emergent rays of any two colours is called angular
dispersion between those colours.
3. It is the rate of change of angle of deviation with wavelength. ( = d / d)
= v - r
or
= (v r) A
Dispersive Power:
The dispersive power of the material of a prism for any two colours is defined
as the ratio of the angular dispersion for those two colours to the mean
deviation produced by the prism.
It may also be defined as dispersion per unit deviation.
v + r
=
where is the mean deviation and =
2
(v r) A
(v r)
v - r
or =
Also =
or = ( 1)
(y 1) A
y
Compound Microscope:
uo
vo
A
Fo
Po
2Fo A Fo
2Fo
2Fe
fe
Fe
Pe
Eye
fo
fo
Objective
B
Eyepiece
M = Me x Mo
AB
D
M=
M=
M=
AB
D
AB
AB
AB
AB
D
AA
D
AB
Me = 1 and
fe
Mo =
or Me = 1 +
vo
M=
- uo
(ve = - D
= - 25 cm)
fe
vo
- uo
(1+
fe
AB
AB
ve
or
-L
fo
fe
(Normal adjustment
i.e. image at infinity)
Eye
fe
Fo
Fe
Po
Pe
I
Eyepiece
Objective
Image at
infinity
Focal length of the objective is much greater than that of the eyepiece.
Aperture of the objective is also large to allow more light to pass through it.
M=
tan
tan
Fe I
PoFe
PeFe
M=
-I
-I
fo
- fe
M=
Fe I
- fo
fe
fo
Eye
fe
Po
Fe Fo
Pe
I
Eyepiece
ue
Objective
M=
-D
Fo I
or M =
PeFo
M=
+ fo
- ue
1
f
fe
1
1
fe
Lens Equation
1
- ue
ue
PoFo
PoFo
Fo I
PeFo
M=
or
becomes
- fo
fe
(1+
fe
Magnifying Power:
M=
Eyepiece
fo
Concave Mirror
fe
Eye
2 sin
1
Resolving Power =
1
Resolving Power =
Objective
1.22