It Blows You Away

"Coal, gas and oil will not be the three

kings of the energy world for ever. It is
no longer folly to look up to the sun
and wind, down into the sea's waves"

Introduction

 Energy is a major input for overall socioeconomic development of any society

The prices of the fossil fuels steeply increasing
So renewables are expected to play a key role
Wind energy is the fastest growing renewable

Wind turbines are up to the task of producing

serious amounts of electricity

Principles

Uneven heating of earths surface and rotation

Beaufort Scale
Force

Strength

km/h

Effect

Calm

0-1

Smoke rises vertically

Light air

1-5

Smoke drifts slowly

Light breeze

6-11

Wind felt on face; leaves rustle

Gentle breeze

12-19

Twigs move; light flag unfurls

Moderate breeze

20-29

Dust and paper blown about; small branches move

Fresh breeze

30-39

Wavelets on inland water; small trees move

Strong breeze

40-50

Large branches sway; umbrellas turn inside out

Near gale

51-61

Whole trees sway; difficult to walk against wind

Gale

62-74

Twigs break off trees; walking very hard

Strong gale

75-87

Chimney pots, roof tiles and branches blown down

10

Storm

88-101

Widespread damage to buildings

11

Violent Storm

102-117

Widespread damage to buildings

12

Hurricane

Over 119

Devastation

Velocity with Height

Power vs. Velocity

Lift and drag forces

Solidity and Tip speed ratio

Performance co-efficient and Betz criterion

Potential

 Huge potential exists

Available potential can contribute five
times the world energy demand
0.4% contribution to total energy

Wind is currently the worlds fastest growing energy source

Growth of Wind Energy

Year

Wind Energy generating capacity by country, 1980-2003

Installed Capacity (MW) in 2005

Available potential in India

Wind Power Density of India

All India Fuel wise Installed Capacity, 2004

Diesel
1%
Wind
3%

Coal
58%

Nuclear
2%
Hydro
26%

Gas
10%

Installed capacity (MW) in India

4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05

State wise potential in India, 2005

10000

MW

8000
6000
4000
2000
0
AP
Gross Potential

Gujara Karnat
Mahar
Rajast
Kerala MP
Orissa
t
aka
ashtra
han

8275 9675 6620

Installed Capacity 120.6 253.53 410.75

875
2

TN

5500 3650 1700 5400 3050

28.85 456.15

WB
450

284.76 2040.3 1.1

Technology

Turbine Evolution
Used for
Pumping water
Grinding grain

Mainly used for

Generating Electricity

Types of turbines
VAWT
Drag is the main force
Nacelle is placed at the bottom
Yaw mechanism is not required
Lower starting torque
Difficulty in mounting the turbine
Unwanted fluctuations in the power output

HAWT
Lift is the main force
Much lower cyclic stresses
95% of the existing turbines are HAWTs
Nacelle is placed at the top of the tower
Yaw mechanism is required

Two types of HAWT

DOWNWIND TURBINE

UPWIND TURBINE

Counter Rotating HAWT

Increase the rotation speed
Rear one is smaller and stalls at high
wind speeds
Operates for wider range of wind speeds

Offshore turbines
More wind speeds
Less noise pollution
Less visual impact

Difficult to install and maintain

Energy losses due long distance
transport

A Typical HAWT

Turbine design and construction

Blades

Material used
Typical length

Tower height
Heights twice the blade length are
found economical

 Number of blades
Three blade HAWT are most efficient
Two blade turbines dont require a hub
As the number increases; noise, wear and
cost increase and efficiency decreases
Multiple blade turbines are generally used
for water pumping purposes

 Rotational control
Maintenance
Noise reduction
Centripetal force reduction
Mechanisms
Stalling
Furling

 Yaw Mechanism
To turn the turbine against the wind

Yaw error and fatigue loads

Uses electric motors and gear boxes

Wind turbine safety

Sensors controlling vibrations
Over speed protection
Aero dynamic braking
Mechanical braking

Improvements
Concentrators

Future Wind Turbines

Wind Amplified Rotor Platform

Disc type wind turbine

o Much more efficient than
HAWT
o Requires less height
o Low noise

o Works in any wind direction

Economics

Determining Factors
Wind Speed

Turbine design and construction

Rated capacity of the turbine

Exact Location
Improvements in turbine design
Capital

Wind Speed Matters

Assuming
the same
size project,
the better
the wind
resource,
the lower
the cost.

Size Matters
Assuming the
same wind
speed of 8.08
m/s, a large
wind farm is
more
economical

Overall cost distribution

Break down of capital cost

Energy Cost Trend

1979: 40 cents/kWh

2000:
4 - 6 cents/kWh
Increased
Turbine Size

R&D Advances
Manufacturing
Improvements

2004:
3 4.5 cents/kWh

Typical cost statistics

Size: 51 MW
Wind Speed: 13-18 miles/hour
Capital cost: $ 65 million ($1300/MW)

Annual production: 150 million kW-hr

Electricity costs: 3.6-4.5 cents

Payback period: 20 years

Economic Advantages

 Greater fuel diversity

No delay in construction
Low maintenance costs
Reliable and durable equipment
Additional income to land owners
More jobs per unit energy produced
No hidden costs

Future

Wind Capital Cost

Cost of Wind Energy

Germany now and 2020

At present 10%
of the countrys
energy is
supplied by wind
energy
By 2020 it is
expected to go up
to 26%

Australia now and 2040

So..
Price of wind power is coming down
There is enormous capacity
Energy storage, however, is still a problem

Typical Concerns

 Visual impact
Off shore turbines
Arrangement

Avian concerns
Suitable choice of site
Using tubular towers instead of lattice tower

Using radars

 Noise
Varies as 5th power of relative wind speed
Streamlining of tower and nacelle
Acoustic insulation of nacelle
Specially designed gear box
Use of upwind turbines
Reducing angle of attack

Low tip speed ratios

 Changes in wind patterns

Reducing turbulence

Intermittent
Coupling with hydro or solar energy

TV, microwave, radar interference

Switching from conducting material to

non-conducting and composite material

Conclusion

 Wind energy is pollution free and nature

friendly
Wind energy has very good potential and it is
the fastest growing energy source

The future looks bright for wind energy

because technology is becoming more
advanced and windmills are becoming more
efficient

THANK YOU

Furling