ENGINEERING GRAPHICS

Course No. 3

Conf. Ph. D. Eng. LIGIA PETRESCU

22-Dec-14

4.5 RELATIVE POSITION OF TWO PLANES

parallel planes
intersecting planes

PARALLEL PLANES. In spatial geometry is known that two parallel planes intersect a third one
on two parallel lines. That means, the like traces of two parallel planes are parallel each other (fig. 4.24):

pv'

qv'

ph || qh
P || Q
pv ' || qv'

pv'

Px

Px

Qx

Qx

qv'

n'

0
m

n
qh

Fig. 4.24

22-Dec-14

ph

giving

and

ph

m n || qh || ph
M Q || P M N Q
m' n' || Ox Fig. 4.25

qh

INTERSECTING PLANES. The like traces of two intersecting planes intersect.

The points of these intersections are the traces of the line along which the
planes intersect.
qv'

pv'

d'
h

Px

Qx

h ph
P

v
'

p
'
v

h qh
Q

v ' qv '

h ph qh

v ' pv ' qv '

qh

ph
Fig. 4.26

22-Dec-14

pv '
v

qv '

nv' d' n'

pv '

pv '

qv' d'

d'
Px

Qx v

Px
x

Qx h

qh d

d n
ph

Px
x

ph

a).

qv '

pv '

b).

nv1 '

pv '

qv '

c).

ph

qh

v1Q

v1P
1

nv 2 '

v2Q

v2P
2

Qx

Px

Px

v2P

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d'

d' d

d1Q n1Q

d).

ph

e).

Fig. 4.27

ph

Qx

d1P n1P

d 2 P n2 P

qh

v1P

d 2Q n2Q
qh

4.6 RELATIVE POSITION OF A PLANE AND A STRAIGHT LINE

There are three different situations:

all lines points are located in the plane

D P

h ph

v' pv '

no lines point is located in the plane

M P

M D
D || P

D || P

- the line is parallel to the plane;

D ||

d || d

d ' || d '
when P

Px
x

pv'

d'

d'

d
d

ph

a single lines point is located in the plane

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D P I

Fig. 4.28

- the line intersects the plane.

5

LINE INTERSECTING A PLANE .

Its the most complex problem which solving asks three steps:
1. a projecting auxiliary plane Q through the line D is choused;
2. the planeQ intersects the plane P ; a line results;

Q plane).
3. the line D intersects the line , (they both are lying on

D P

Q
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1. D Q; Q V orH

2. Q P
3. D I

D P I

Fig. 4.29

d' qv ' d '

qv'

pv'

pv'

v'
d'

v'

d'
i'
i'

Px

Q x h'

Px

Qx v

h'

i
d

a). End auxiliary plane

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ph

d qh d

ph

qh
b). Vertical auxiliary plane

pv'

pv'

d' n' nv' d' ni'

v'

d'

d' f'

i'
i'
Px

Px

h'

fh d f

d ni

d n

ph

ph

c). Level line, level auxiliary

plane

Fig. 4.33
22-Dec-14

di

d). Vertical line, frontal auxiliary

plane

4.7 PERPENDICULAR LINES AND PLANES

LINE PERPENDICULAR TO A PLANE. If a straight line is perpendicular to a plane,
the projections of the line are perpendicular to the like traces of the plane.

M P

M
P

PH || H level line

PV || V frontal line

d ph

d ' pv '

pv'

m'

d'

Px

ph

Fig. 4.34
22-Dec-14

PERPENDICULAR PLANES. Two perpendicular planes havent the like traces in

perpendicular position. The condition to be perpendicular is : one plane contains
a perpendicular line to the other.
qv'

M P

M P

pv'

m'

h
v'

d'

Px

h'

Qx 0

ph
qh

H H

V V
Qx h q h

Qx v' qv '

Fig. 4.35
22-Dec-14

10

4.8 PARTICULAR PLANES COMBINATIONS IN EPURA.

THE ORTHOGONAL PROJECTION OF A SOLID
z

z
[V]
NV1

[L]

[V]
PV

PV PV

pv1

Nz1

FL2

fl1

nv1

Nz1

nl1

[L]
NL1nv2

Nz2

nl2

nv3

Nz3

nl3

FL1
NV2

fl2

pv2 pv3

NV3
NL2
Px1

FH2

Px2 Px3

0
Fy2

FH1

Fy1
PH1
[H]

Px1

NL3

Px2 Px3
0

y1

fh1
Fy2

PH2 PH3
fh1

Fy1

ph1

Fig. 4.36

ph2 ph3

[H]

Fig. 4.37
y

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11

The definitions of the eight particular planes (level, frontal and profile planes), are:

N1
N 2
N 3
F1
F2
P1
P2
P3

z1 const.

z 2 const.
z3 const.

y1 const.

y2 const.

x1

x2 const.

x3 const.

AIDING RECTANGLES.

Every projection of the solid has like size

dimension the definition coordinates difference of two particular,
parallel planes. These dimensions are the sides zof three rectangles,
very useful aiding elements in the orthogonal projections drawing of an object.
NV1

PV

PV PV

const.

Nz1

FL1
[L]

NV2
a

NL1

NV3

Px1

L X Y
a

L 3a X Y
3

I Y Z
I 3b Y Z b
3

FL2

FH2

Px2 Px3

FH1

X x1 x3

Y y1 y2
Z z z
1
3

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[V]

NL2

NL3

Fy2

Fy1
PH1
Y

PH2 PH3

[H]

y
L

Fig. 4.38

12

Z
Y

Fig. 4.38

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13

DIMENSIONING.
Dimensional information used to represent or to
manufacture an object is placed near the projections
18
and is expressed in millimeters.
Such quota are measured on parallel directions to
the edges or faces of the object.
The object must be placed in a parallel position
with the reference system.
Every dimension is used in two projections but only
one time it may be drawn, on that projection in
which the dimensioned element is clearest defined.
The graphical execution of dimensioning used thin
Fig. 4.39
dimension lines, arrowed ended.
The arrow has 15 and 3mm length.
Linear dimension lines are introduced by extension lines (thin line), which are
perpendicular to the geometrical elements that need to be dimensioned.
Angular dimension line is an arc of circle, which center is the point of the angle.
Extension lines pass over the arrows with ~2mm.
The value of the quota is written above the dimension line or to the left side of it.
The smaller value quota (for example 18), is placed nearer the projection and the
bigger one (for example 40), far of it.
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The nearest dimension line is placed at minimum 7mm, and the other parallel14
one,
at minimum 5mm.

20

38

40

HOW TO DETERMINE THE THIRD PROJECTION

7

When two projection are known the third

one can be obtained in a similarly way with
the third projection of a point.
7' 10'

10

3
2

8' 9'

5
4

Fig. 4.40
5' 6'

1" 4"

1' 2'
26

7' 10'

7" 8"

10" 9"

3' 4'
7

38

10

6"

5"

2" 3"

1" 4"

5' 6'

1' 2'
15

8' 9'

3' 4'

26

38

15

10

49

49

Fig. 4.41

22-Dec-14

Fig. 4.42

15

APLICATION
Given the triangles [ABC] and [KLM], is asked the intersection line
l
a

F1 ABC F11

F1 KLM F12

F11 F12 I1
F2 ABC F21

F2 KLM F22

F21 F22 I 2
I1 I 2

i2

8
f ' 22

f ' 21

f '11

d'

i1

3
2

4
f '12

c
x
d

fh1 f11 f12

2
1

c
3

i1

a
fh2 f21 f22

5
7

22-Dec-14

Fig. 4.43

6
i2

16

HOME WORK HW- 03: THREE ORTOGONAL PROJECTION

1. Draw in three orthogonal projections the next object

X 60

Y 30
Z 40

2. Determine the third projection when two are given

3. Given the points A(75; 45; 10), B(45; 20; 55),

C(20; 70; 35), and M(80; 65;65), is asked:

P A B C
MI P :
I MI P
IJK isoscel ; P IJ
verify that
JK P
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X 80

Y 45
Z 60

IK 50mm;

IJ || H ; IK || V ;
17

LAB L- 03: THREE ORTOGONAL PROJECTION

1. Given the points : A(145; 70; -70), B(25; -10; 110), C(10; 95; 55), M(65; 40; 70).
Construct:
- P A B C ;
- M D P ; I D
P
parallelogram [IJKL] P, with IJ || V of 40mm and IL || H of 30mm; (when
z J z I ; y L y I ).
2. Determine the third projection when two are given

?
22-Dec-14

X 80

40
Y 45
Z 60

18

LAB L- 03: THREE ORTHOGONAL PROJECTION

only for mechanics

30

B
20

60

D
10

50

10

30

130

22-Dec-14

X 130

Y 60
Z 60

10

F
10

19