Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Lezebet
Kebede. Mary.Tekuamwerk
Key Topics
Introduction
Need for Data Collection
Primary and Secondary Data
Primary Data Gathering Tools
Interview
Questionnaire
Observation
Case Study
Focus Group Discussion
Secondary Data Gathering Tools
Precautions of Using Secondary Data
Consequences of Improper Data Collection
Conclusion
Introduction
Data
Data
Contd
Data
Contd
Proper
Contd
Contd
Primary Data
Data
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Secondary Data
Advantages
Can be found more quickly and cheaply.
Most researches on past events or distant
places
Disadvantages
Not easily available
Not adequate
May not meet the needs of researcher
Outdated information
Variation in definition
Tekuamwerk
Kebede. Lezebet.Mary
Interview
It is a two-way conversation where one person
interviews another person for detailed information.
An interview is a conversation between two or more
people where questions are asked by the interviewer
to elicit facts or statements from the interviewee.
The most common types of interview are
unstructured, semi-structured and structured
interviews
Structured Interview
Structured interviews are a means of collecting
data for a statistical survey.
In this case, the data is collected by an
interviewer rather than through a selfadministered questionnaire.
The choice of answers to the questions is often
fixed (close-ended) in advance, though openended questions can also be included within a
structured interview.
Carefully worded questionnaire is administered
and the emphasis is on obtaining answers to
carefully phrased questions .It is also known as
formal interview.
contd
Un Structured Interview
Contd
Unstructured
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Questionnaire
A research instrument consisting of a series of
questions and other prompts for the purpose
of gathering information from respondents.
It is a set of questions for obtaining
statistically useful or personal information
from individuals.
It is a written or printed questionnaire often
with spaces for answers.
Especially useful for obtaining information
about opinions and attitudes
Contd
Basic types of questionnaire closed ended and
open-ended
Closed Ended Questionnaire:- is a question format
Mary
Kebede.Lezebet.Tekuamwerk
OBSERVATION
Observation
living
senses.
beings,
observation
employs
data
the
METHODS OF OBSERVATION
Direct and indirect observation
ADVANTAGES OF OBSERVATION
for
identifying
DISADVANTAGES OF OBSERVATION
Expensive and time consuming.
Need well-qualified, highly trained observers.
May affect behavior of participants.
Selective perception of observer may distort
data.
Investigator has little control over situation.
Behavior or set of behaviors observed may not
be typical
CASE STUDY
Case study is the act or an instance of
analyzing one or more particular cases or case
histories
with
a
view
to
making
generalizations. Or It is detailed intensive
study of a unit, such as a corporation or a
corporate division that stresses factors
contributing to its success or failure.
STUDIES
draw
definite
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Kebede
Lezebet.Tekuamwerk.Mary
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Researcher
can
interact
directly
with
respondents (allows clarification, follow-up
questions, probing). Can gain information from
non-verbal responses to supplement (or even
contradict) verbal responses.
Data uses respondents' own words; can obtain
deeper levels of meaning, make important
connections, identify subtle nuances.
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Disadvantages of Focus
Group Discussion
Have less control over group; less able to
control what information will be produced .
Produces relatively chaotic data making data
analysis more difficult.
Small numbers and convenience sampling
severely limit ability to generalize to larger
populations.
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Secondary data
data someone else has collected
Documents (reports of various kinds, books,
periodicals, reference books (encyclopedia),
university publications (thesis, dissertations,
etc.),
policy
documents,
statistical
compilations, proceedings, personal documents
(historical documents, Data archives, etc.
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Secondary Data
Advantages
Can be found more quickly and cheaply.
Most researches on past events or distant
places
Disadvantages
Not easily available
Not adequate
May not meet the needs of researcher
Outdated information
Variation in definition
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Inability
study.
to
repeat
and
validate
the
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Conclusion
Data are factual information used as a basis
for reasoning, discussion and research. Data
collection is a systematic approach to gathering
information from a variety of sources to get a
complete and accurate picture of an area of
interest.
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Thank You
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