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Chapter 3 Steady-State Conduction Multiple Dimensions

HEAT TRANSFER LECTURE
CHAPER 3
Steady-State Conduction
Multiple Dimensions
CUMT
3-1 Introduction
In Chapter 2 steady-state heat transfer was calculated

in systems in which the temperature gradient and area
could be expressed in terms of one space coordinate. We
now wish to analyze the more general case of twodimensional heat flow. For steady state with no heat
generation, the Laplace equation applies.
2T 2T
2 0
2
x
y
(3-1)
The solution to this equation may be obtained by analytical,

numerical, or graphical techniques.
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3-1 Introduction
The objective of any heat-transfer analysis is usually to

predict heat flow or the temperature that results from a
certain heat flow. The solution to Equation (3-1) will give
the temperature in a two-dimensional body as a function
of the two independent space coordinates x and y. Then
the heat flow in the x and y directions may be calculated
from the Fourier equations
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3-2 Mathematical Analysis of Two-Dimensional Heat Conduction

Analytical solutions of temperature distribution can be obtained

for some simple geometry and boundary conditions. The separation
method is an important one to apply.
Consider a rectangular plate.
Three sides are maintained at
temperature T1, and the upper
side has some temperature
distribution impressed on it.
The distribution can be a constant
temperature or something more
complex, such as a sine-wave.
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Consider a sine-wave distribution on the upper edge, the

boundary conditions are:
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Substitute:
1 2T 1 2T
2
X x
Y y 2
We obtain two ordinary differential equations in terms of

this constant,
2 X
2
X 0
2
x
2Y
2
Y 0
2
y
where 2 is called the separation constant.
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We write down all possible solutions and then see which

one fits the problem under consideration.
For 2 0 :
X C1 C 2 x
Y C3 C4 y
T C1 C2 x C3 C4 y
This function cannot fit the sine-function boundary

condition, so that the 2 0 solution may be excluded.
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For 2 0 :
X C5e x C6e x
Y C7 cos y C8 sin y
T C5e x C6e x C7 cos y C8 sin y

This function cannot fit the sine-function boundary condition,
so that the 2 0 solution may be excluded.
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For 2 0 :
X C9 cos x C10 sin x
Y C11e y C12e y
T C9 cos x C10 sin x C11e y C12e y

It is possible to satisfy the sine-function boundary condition;
so we shall attempt to satisfy the other condition.
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Let
The equation becomes:
Apply the method of variable separation, let
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And the boundary conditions become:
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Applying these conditions,we have:
0 C9 cos x C10 sin x C11 C12

0 C9 C11e
C12e
0 C9 cos W C10 sin W C11e y C12e y

x
H
H
Tmsin
C
cos
C
sin
x
C
e
C
e
9
10
11
12
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C11 C12
accordingly,
C9 0
and from (c),
0 C10C12 sin W e y e y
This requires that
sin W 0
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then
We get
n x
n y
T T1 Cn sin
sinh
W
W
n 1
The final boundary condition may now be applied:
n x
n H
Tm sin
Cn sin
sinh
W n 1
W
W
which requires that Cn =0 for n >1.
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The final solution is therefore
sinh y / W
x
T Tm
sin
T1
sinh H / W
W
The temperature field for this problem is shown. Note that the heatflow lines are perpendicular to the isotherms.
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Another set of boundary conditions
0 at y 0
0 at x 0
0 at x W
x
Tmsin at y H
W
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Using the first three boundary conditions, we obtain the

solution in the form of Equation:
n x
n y
T T1 Cn sin
sinh
W
W
n 1
Applying the fourth boundary condition gives
n x
n H
T2 T1 Cn sin
sinh
W
W
n 1
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This series is
1 1
2
n x
T2 T1 T2 T1
sin
n1
n
W
then
Cn
n 1
T2 T1
sinh n H / W
n 1
The final solution is expressed as
1 1
T T1 2
n x sinh n y / W

sin
T2 T1 n 1
n
W sinh n H / W
n 1
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Transform the boundary condition:
0 at y 0
0 at x 0
0 at x W
x
Tmsin at y H
W
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3-3 Graphical Analysis

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3-4 The Conduction Shape Factor

Consider a general one dimensional heat conduction problem, from Fouriers Law:
let
then
whereS is
called shape factor.
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Note that the inverse hyperbolic cosine can be calculated from
cosh 1 x ln x x2 1
For a three-dimensional wall, as in a furnace, separate shape

factors are used to calculate the heat flow through the edge and
corner sections, with the dimensions shown in Figure 3-4. when all
the interior dimensions are greater than one fifth of the thickness,
S wall
S edge 0.54 D
Scorner 0.15L
where A = area of wall, L = wall thickness, D = length of edge

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Example 3-1
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Example 3-2
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Example 3-3
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Example 3-4
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3-5 Numerical Method of Analysis

The most fruitful approach to the heat conduction is one

based on nite-difference techniques, the basic principles
of which we shall outline in this section.
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1Discretization of the solving
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2Discrete equation
Taylor series expansion
(x)2 2T
2
2
x
m,n
(x)3 3T
3
6
x
m,n
T
(x)2 2T
Tm1,n Tm,n x
x
2
x
admission.edhole.comm,n
(x)3 3T
3
6
x
m,n
Tm1,n
T
Tm,n x
x
...
m,n
...
m ,n
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2Discrete equation
Tm1,n Tm1,n
2T
x 2
2T
y 2
T
2
2Tm,n (x)
x 2
Tm1,n 2Tm,n Tm1,n

(x)2
m,n
Tm,n 1 2Tm,n Tm,n 1

(y ) 2
m,n
...
m,n
o(x)2
o(y ) 2
Differential equation for two-dimensional steady-state heat flow
T T q
2 0
2
x
y
k
2
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2Discrete equation
Discrete equation at nodal point (m,n)

Tm 1,n 2Tm,n Tm 1,n
x 2
Tm ,n 1 2Tm ,n Tm ,n 1
y 2
q
0
k
no heat generation
Tm 1,n 2Tm,n Tm 1, n
x
Tm,n 1 2Tm, n Tm, n 1

y
x= y
Tm 1,n Tm 1,n Tm ,n 1 Tm ,n 1 4Tm ,n 0
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2Discrete equation
Thermal balance
(1) Interior points
steady-state & no heat generation
qm 1,n qm 1,n qm ,n 1 qm ,n 1 0
qm1,n
Tm1,n Tm,n
dT
kA
k y
dx
x
qm1,n ky
k y
Tm1,n Tm,n
x
Tm 1,n Tm,n
qm ,n 1 k x
Tm 1,n Tm,n
k y
x
x
Tm ,n 1 Tm ,n
k x
y
Tm, n 1 Tm, n
y
qm ,n 1 k x
k x
Tm ,n 1 Tm ,n
y
Tm, n 1 Tm, n
y
0
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Thermal balance
(1) Interior points

x= y

steady-state with heat generation
qgen q V q xy
q
Tm1,n Tm1,n Tm,n 1 Tm,n 1 4Tm,n (x)2 0
k
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2Discrete equation
Thermal balance
(2) boundary points

qm1,n k y
Tm1,n Tm,n
x
qm,n 1 k
x Tm,n 1 Tm,n
2
y
qm,n 1 k
x Tm,n 1 Tm,n
2
y
qw h y (Tm ,n T )
Tm 1,n Tm,n
x Tm,n 1 Tm ,n
x Tm ,n 1 Tm ,n
k y
k
k
h y (Tm ,n T )
x
2
y
2
y
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Thermal balance
(2) boundary points
x= y
(
h x
1
h x
2)Tm,n (Tm1,n Tm,n 1 Tm,n 1 )
T
k
2
k
y Tm 1,n Tm ,n
x Tm ,n 1 Tm ,n
x
y
k
h (Tm,n T ) h
(Tm ,n T )
2
x
2
y
2
2
x= y
h x
1
h x
(
1)Tm,n (Tm1,n Tm,n 1 )
T
k
2
k
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Thermal balance
(2) boundary points
k y
Tm 1,n Tm,n
k x
Tm,n 1 Tm, n
y
y Tm 1,n Tm, n
x Tm, n 1 Tm, n
k
2
x
2
y
x
y
(Tm ,n T ) h
(Tm,n T )
2
2
x= y
h x
1
h x
(
3)Tm,n (2Tm1,n Tm1,n Tm,n 1 2Tm,n 1 )
T
k
2
k
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3Algebraic equation
a11T1 a12T2 ...... a1nTn C1

a21T1 a22T2 ...... a2 nTn C2
............................................
an1T1 an 2T2 ...... annTn Cn
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Matrix notation
a 11 a 12
a
a 22
21
A ... ...
a n1 a n 2
... a 1n
... a 2 n
... ...
... a nn
T1
T
2
T ...

Tn
C1
C
2
C ...

Cn
AT C
Iteration
Simple Iteration & Gauss-Seidel Iteration
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Example 3-5
Consider the square shown in the figure. The left face is

maintained at 100 and the top face at 500, while the
other two faces are exposed to a environment at 100.
h=10W/m2 and k=10W/m. The block is 1 m square.
Compute the temperature of the various nodes as indicated
in the figure and heat flows at the boundaries.
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Example 3-5
[Solution]
The equations for nodes 1,2,4,5 are given by
500 100 T2 T4 4T1 0

500 T1 T3 T5 4T2 0
100 T1 T5 T7 4T4 0
T2 T4 T6 T8 4T5 0
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Example 3-5
[Solution]
Equations for nodes 3,6,7,8 are

1
2 T3
3
1
2 T6
3
1
2 T7
3
1
2 T8
3
1
1
(500 2T2 T6 ) 100
2
3
1
1
(T3 2T5 T9 ) 100
2
3
1
1
(100 2T4 T8 ) 100
2
3
1
1
(T7 2T5 T9 ) 100
2
3
The equation for node 9 is

1
1
1
1 T9 (T6 T8 ) 100
3
2
3
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Example 3-5
1
1
1
2 T3 (500 2T2 T6 ) 100
3
2
3
1
1
1
2 T6 (T3 2T5 T9 ) 100
3
2
3
1
1
1
2 T7 (100 2T4 T8 ) 100
3
2
3
1
1
1
2 T8 (T7 2T5 T9 ) 100
3
2
3
The equation for node 9 is
1
1
1
1 T9 (T6 T8 ) 100
3
2
3
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Example 3-5
We thus have nine equations and nine unknown nodal temperatures.

the answer is
So
For the 500 face, the heat flow into the face is
(500 T1 )
(500 T2 ) x (500 T3 )
T
10 [x
x
]
y
y
y
2
y
... 4843.4W / m
qin k A
The heat flow out of the 100 face is
(T1 100)
(T4 100) y (T7 100)
T
q1 k A
10 [y
y
]
x
x
x
2
x
... 3019W / m
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Example 3-5
The heat flow out the right face is

q2 h A (T T )
10 [y (T3 100) y (T6 100)
y
(T9 100)]
2
... 1214.6W / m
The heat flow out the bottom face is

q3 h A (T T )
10 [y (T7 100) y (T8 100)
y
(T9 100)]
2
... 600.7W / m
The total heat flow out is
qout q1 q2 q3 ... 4834.3W / m qin 4843.4W / m

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3-6 Numerical Formulation in Terms of Resistance Elements

Thermal balance the net heat input to node i must be zero
qi
j
T j Ti
Ri j
qi heat generation, radiation, etc.

i solving node
j adjoining node
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3-6 Numerical Formulation in Terms of Resistance Elements

qi
j
Tm 1,n Tm ,n
Rm
so
T j Ti
Ri j
x
R
kA
Tm 1,n Tm ,n
Rm
Tm ,n 1 Tm ,n
Rn
Tm ,n 1 Tm ,n
Rn
Rm Rm Rn Rn
1
k
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3-7 Gauss-Seidel Iteration

qi
j
T j Ti
Ri j
Ti
qi (T j / Ri j )
j
(1/ R
ij
Steps
Assumed initial set of values for Ti
Calculated Ti according to the equation
using the most recent values of the Ti
Repeated the process until converged.
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3-7 Gauss-Seidel Iteration

Convergence Criterion
Ti ( n1) T i ( n )
Ti ( n 1) Ti ( n )
Ti ( n )
103 106
Biot number
hx
Bi
k
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Example 3-6
Apply the Gauss-Seidel technique to obtain the nodal temperature

for the four nodes in the figure.
[Solution]
All the connection resistance between
the nodes are equal, that is
x 1
R
k y k
Therefore, we have
Ti
qi (T j / Ri j )
j
qi (k jT j )
j
ij
(1/ R )
(k )
j
(k T )
(k )
j
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Example 3-6
Because each node has four resistance connected to it and k is assumed

constant, so
4k
1
Ti T j
4 j
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3-8 Accuracy Consideration

Truncation Error Influenced by difference scheme

Discrete Error Influenced by truncation error & x
Round-off Error Influenced by x
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Summary
(1)Numerical Method
Solving Zone
Nodal equations
thermal balance method Interior & boundary point
Algebraic equations
q (T / R )
Gauss-Seidel iteration
T
(1/ R )
i
ij
ij
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Summary
(2)Resistance Forms
qi
j
T j Ti
Ri j
(3)Convergence
Convergence Criterion
Ti ( n1) T i ( n )
Ti ( n1) T i ( n )
CUMT
Summary
(4)Accuracy
Truncation Error
Discrete Error
Round-off Error
Important conceptions
Nodal equations thermal balance method
Calculated temperature & heat flow
Convergence criterion
How to improve accuracy
CUMT
Exercises
Exercises: 3-16, 3-24, 3-48, 3-59
CUMT

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Chapter 3 Steady-State Conduction Multiple Dimensions

In Chapter 2 steady-state heat transfer was calculated

The solution to this equation may be obtained by analytical,

The objective of any heat-transfer analysis is usually to

3-2 Mathematical Analysis of Two-Dimensional Heat Conduction

Analytical solutions of temperature distribution can be obtained

3-2 Mathematical Analysis of Two-Dimensional Heat Conduction

Consider a sine-wave distribution on the upper edge, the

3-2 Mathematical Analysis of Two-Dimensional Heat Conduction

We obtain two ordinary differential equations in terms of

3-2 Mathematical Analysis of Two-Dimensional Heat Conduction

We write down all possible solutions and then see which

This function cannot fit the sine-function boundary

3-2 Mathematical Analysis of Two-Dimensional Heat Conduction

T C5e x C6e x C7 cos y C8 sin y

3-2 Mathematical Analysis of Two-Dimensional Heat Conduction

X C9 cos x C10 sin x

T C9 cos x C10 sin x C11e y C12e y

3-2 Mathematical Analysis of Two-Dimensional Heat Conduction

The equation becomes:

Apply the method of variable separation, let

3-2 Mathematical Analysis of Two-Dimensional Heat Conduction

And the boundary conditions become:

3-2 Mathematical Analysis of Two-Dimensional Heat Conduction

Applying these conditions,we have:

0 C9 cos x C10 sin x C11 C12

0 C9 cos W C10 sin W C11e y C12e y

3-2 Mathematical Analysis of Two-Dimensional Heat Conduction

This requires that

3-2 Mathematical Analysis of Two-Dimensional Heat Conduction

The final boundary condition may now be applied:

which requires that Cn =0 for n >1.

3-2 Mathematical Analysis of Two-Dimensional Heat Conduction

The final solution is therefore

3-2 Mathematical Analysis of Two-Dimensional Heat Conduction

Another set of boundary conditions

3-2 Mathematical Analysis of Two-Dimensional Heat Conduction

Using the first three boundary conditions, we obtain the

Applying the fourth boundary condition gives

3-2 Mathematical Analysis of Two-Dimensional Heat Conduction

The final solution is expressed as

3-2 Mathematical Analysis of Two-Dimensional Heat Conduction

Transform the boundary condition:

3-3 Graphical Analysis

3-4 The Conduction Shape Factor

called shape factor.

3-4 The Conduction Shape Factor

Note that the inverse hyperbolic cosine can be calculated from

For a three-dimensional wall, as in a furnace, separate shape

where A = area of wall, L = wall thickness, D = length of edge

3-4 The Conduction Shape Factor

3-4 The Conduction Shape Factor

3-4 The Conduction Shape Factor

3-4 The Conduction Shape Factor

3-4 The Conduction Shape Factor

3-4 The Conduction Shape Factor

3-4 The Conduction Shape Factor

3-5 Numerical Method of Analysis

The most fruitful approach to the heat conduction is one

3-5 Numerical Method of Analysis

1Discretization of the solving

3-5 Numerical Method of Analysis