In the name of ALLAH who is most beneficent and merciful.

WELL STIMULATION

Contents

Chapter No 1

Introduction

Chapter No 2

Well Stimulation

Chapter No 3

Hydraulic Fracturing

Chapter No 4

Matrix Acidizing

Chapter No 5

Acid Types and Additives

Chapter No 6

Designing of Matrix Acidizing

Chapter No 7

Case Study

Chapter 1 Introduction

Stimulation

Stimulation is a technique to remove the damage caused by pore

plugging and improves permeability of damaged well.

Formation damage

The reduction of permeability around the well bore due to pore

plugging in consequences of drilling, completion , injection and
production of that well.

Formation damage is caused by invasion of foreign fluids or solids in

to exposed section adjacent to the well bore.

Significance of Formation Damage

The reduction in current production may either be

due to invasion of mud filtrate or cement and has
caused low permeability than reservoir. This
altered zone is called skin zone.

Skin can be calculated by Hawkins formula S=

(K/Ks -1)ln rs/rw

Figure 1.1: Showing reduction in permeability distribution around the

wellbore

Basic Causes of Damage

1.

Plugging associated with solids

Plugging by solids occurs on formation face in the perforation or in

the formation. Solids may be cement particles, drilled solids, clays,
perforation debris's etc.

2.

Large solids

Large solids cause formation damage by planting out face of

formation. When the pressure differential is in the formation.

3.

Small solids

Very small solids such as iron oxides, clays or other particles may
be carried for some distance in to the pores create serious plugging

4.

Solids precipitation

Solids may also be precipitated with in the formation. For example

scale often precipitates due to the mixing of incompatible waters.

Process which Cause Damage

1.

Damage during drilling

Drilling damage results from drilling mud particles invasion, when

particles are deposited in formation

Drilling mud filtrate invasion occurs and filter cake forms only mud
filtrate invades the formation causing damage

Figure 1.2: Mud invasion into the formation during drilling

2.

Damage during cementing

Cement filtrate may damage formation as hydration of cement to

super saturation with lime followed by re crystallization (deposition
in pores)

Invasion of cement solids in formation pores is potential source of

damage.

Figure 1.3: Invasion of cement solids in formation

3.

Damage during perforation

Perforation will results in some crushing of formation in immediate

vicinity of formation.

Perforation damage is an inherent result of conventional perforation

Figure 1.4: Effect of perforation depth and shot density on well

productivity ratio in a formation with drilling damage

4.

Other Damage

Water blockage

Water block is usually caused by increase water saturation near the

well bore results from filtrate invasion or conning of formation
water.