1.1 Rate of Reaction

Chapter 1
Rate of Reaction
Chapter 1: Rate of Reaction
1.1 Rate of Reaction
Which reaction is faster?
The meaning of rate of reaction
1 A chemical reaction takes

place when reactants are mixed
together under suitable conditions.
2 The speed of a chemical reaction is

called the rate of reaction.
3. The rate of reaction is inversely proportional
to the time taken for the reaction to be
completed.
3. The rate of reaction is inversely proportional to
the time taken for the reaction to be completed.
Rate of reaction ∝ 1
Time taken
The reaction is fast if it takes a short
time to complete. Conversely, the reaction is
slow if it takes a long time for the
reaction to complete.
 4 During a chemical reaction, the reactants are
used up as the products are formed. Thus, the
amounts of reactants decrease (Figure 1.1(a))
while the amounts of products increase as the
reaction proceeds (Figure 1.1(b)).
 5 Therefore, the rate of reaction can be
determined in one of the following ways:
 (a) the rate of disappearance of a reactant, or
 (b) the rate of formation of a product
6 (a) The rate of reaction can be defined

as the amount of a reactant used up per
unit time.
Amount of reac tan t used up
 Rate of reaction = Time Taken
6 (b) The rate of reaction can also be

defined as the amount of a product
obtained per unit time.
Amount of product obtained
 Rate of reaction =
Time Taken
 7 Methods of measuring reaction rates
 (a) The amount of a reactant used up or a product
obtained can be measured in terms of the mass of
the substance or the concentration of the
substance.
 7 Methods of measuring reaction rates
 (b) For chemical reactions that produce gases, the
rate of reactions can be measured as the volume
of gas produced per unit time.
 Rate of reaction = Volume of produced
Time Taken
 8 Reaction between calcium carbonate and
dilute hydrochloric acid.
 (a) The reaction between calcium carbonate
(marble chips) and dilute hydrochloric acid can be
represented by the equation:
 (b) During the reaction, the following observable
changes take place.
 (i) The mass of calcium carbonate (the reactant)
decreases.
 (ii) The concentration of hydrochloric acid (the
reactant) decreases.
 (iii) The volume of carbon dioxide (the product)
produced increases.

 (c) Thus, the rate of reaction between calcium
carbonate and hydrochloric acid can be
determined by measuring
 (i) the decrease in mass of calcium carbonate per
unit time, or
 (ii) the increase in volume of carbon dioxide per
unit time.
 9 (a) Besides changes in the mass of the
reactants or the changes in the volume of the
gaseous products, other changes that can be
observed are as follows:
 (i) changes in colour
 (ii) formation of precipitates
 (b) Therefore, the time taken for the colour of a

reactant to change or a certain amount of
precipitate to form can be used to measure the
rate of reaction.
 10 The units used for the rate of reaction will
depend on the changes measured.
 For example
 (a) cm3 per unit time (second or minute) for a
gas evolved
 For example
 (b) g per unit time or mol per unit time for a
solid reactant
 For example
 (c) mol dm-3 per unit time for a reactant in
aqueous solution
 11 Different chemical reactions take place at
different rates. Some reactions occur very
rapidly and some very slowly. Table 1.1 shows
some examples of very fast reactions and very
slow reactions.
Fast Slow
Combustion Rusting
Precipitation of silver chloride Photosynthesis
Reaction between reactive metal and Fermentation
water
Measuring reaction rates
 1. The rate of reaction can be express in two
ways:

(a) theaverage rate of reaction over a
period of time, or

(b) the rate of reaction at any given time.
 2 The average rate of reaction is the
average of the reaction rates over a given period
of time. We can measure the average rate of
reaction by measuring the change in amount (or
concentration) of a reactant or a product over a
period of time.
 Example 1
 A piece of magnesium ribbon weighing 0.1 g is
added to dilute hydrochloric acid. After 5 seconds,
all the magnesium had dissolved. What is the
average rate of reaction?
0.1g −1
average rate of reaction= 5s = 0.02 gs
 Example 2
 Calcium carbonate reacts with dilute hydrochloric
acid according to the equation:
 CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq)  CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) +
CO2(g)
 After 1.2 minutes, the volume of gas produced is
100 cm3. Calculate the average rate of reaction in
the units of
 (a) cm3 min-1, (b) cm3 s-1.
 Example 2
 Solution:
volume of CO 2 produced
average reaction rate =
time taken
100(cm 3 )
=
1.2(min)
= 83.3cm 3 min −1
 Example 2
 Solution:
volume of CO2 produced
Average rate =
time taken
100cm3
= = 1.39cm3 s −1
72s
 3 The rate of reaction at any given time is
the actual rate of reaction at a given time. The
reaction rate at any given time is also known as
the instantaneous rate of reaction.
 4. The rate of reaction at a given time can
determined by measuring the gradient of the
graph mass of reactant against time (Figure1.2)
 Determining the gradient of the tangent time t:
 Rate of reaction at time t (gs-1)
 = Gradient of the graph
 = a
b
Solving numerical problems
involving rate of reaction
 Example 3:
 Hydrogen peroxide decomposes according to the
equation:
 2H 2O2 (aq)  2H2O(l) + O2(g)
 The results of an experiment on the decomposition
of hydrogen peroxide are given below.
Time(s) 0 15 30 45 60 90
Volume of 0 16 30 40 48 56
O2(cm3)
 Calculate the rate of reaction at 40 seconds in the

units of (a) cm3 s-1, (b) cm3 min -1.
 Example 3:
 Solution
 (a) The rate of reaction at 40 s 49
 = Gradient at 40 s
a 49 − 21
= = = 0.70cm 3 s −1
b 58 − 18
21
18 58
 Example 4:
 Solution (58 − 18) 40 2
 (b) time = 60 min = 60 min = 3 min
 Rate in cm3 min-1

 Rate of reaction in cm3
min-1 3
28cm
 = 2 = 42cm3 min-1
min
3
 5 Analysing a reaction rate curve:
 (a) The steeper the gradient, the faster the
rate of reaction.
Steeper
 5 Analysing a reaction
rate curve:
 (b) Figure 1.5 shows that
the rate of reaction at t2,
is slower than the rate
of reaction at t1. The
gradient at t2 is less
steep than the gradient
at t1. As the reaction
proceeds, the curve
becomes less steep
because the rate of
reaction decreases.
6 Comparing reaction rates at a give
time
 Activity: To find the reaction rates at
 (a) 90 s, (b)180 s a (c) the average rate
 of the reaction between zinc and dilute sulphuric
acid
 Apparatus:
 Conicalflask, measuring cylinder, delivery
tube, burette, basin, retort stand, retort
clamp and stopwatch.
 Materials:
 Granulated zinc and 0.3 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid.
 Procedure:
 1 The burette is filled with water and inverted over a
basin of water.
 Procedure:
 2 Using a measuring cylinder, 20.0 cm3 of 0.3 mol dm-3
sulphuric acid is measured out and poured into a conical
flask.
 Procedure:
 3 5.0 g of granulated zinc are then added to the
sulphuric acid in the conical flask.
 Procedure:
 4 The conical flask is then closed and the hydrogen gas
produced is collected in the burette by the displacement of
water as shown in Figure 1.5.
 Procedure:
 5 The stopwatch is started immediately.
 6 The volume of hydrogen gas collected in the burette is
recorded at 30-second intervals.
 Results:
 Calculation:
 (a) The rate of reaction at 90 s
= slope at 90 s
 YZ
=
XY
(52 − 20)cm3
=
(180 − 30) s
32cm3 3 −1
= = 0 .213cm s
150 s
 Calculation:
 (b) The rate of reaction at 180 s = slope at 180 s
YZ
=
XY
(48 − 30)cm3
=
(240 − 18) s
18cm3
= = 0.081cm3 s −1
222 s
 Calculation:
 (c) The average rate of reaction
 total volume of H 2 produced
total time taken
47
= = 0.157cm 3 s −1
300
 Conclusion:
 The rate of reaction decreases as

the reaction proceeds.
 Activity: To measure the rate of reaction between
calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and excess
hydrochloric acid
 Apparatus:
 Conical flask, electronic balance, measuring
cylinder and stopwatch.
 Material:
 Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) pieces, 2.0 mol dm-3
hydrochloric acid and cotton wool.
 Procedure
 1 Using a measuring cylinder, 50 cm3 of 2 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid
are measured out and poured in a dry conical flask. The mouth of the
conical flask covered with some of cotton wool. The cotton wool is
inserted into the mouth of the conical flak is prevent liquid from
splashing out during the reaction.
 Procedure
 2 The conical flask is placed on the electronic balance as
shown in Figure 1.6.
 Procedure
 3 The mass of conical flask and its contents (calcium
carbonate, hydrochloric acid and cotton wool) is recorded.
 Procedure
 4 The calcium carbonate is then transferred to the
hydrochloric acid in the conical flask and the stopwatch is
started immediately.
 Procedure
 5 The mass of the conical flask (and its contents) is
recorded at one-minute intervals.
 Results:
Time(s) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Mass of 60.0 59.1 58.3 57.9 57.4 57.0 56.8 56.5 56.3
conical
flask +
content(g)
 Based on the experimental results, a graph of the mass of conical

flask and its contents against time is plotted (Figure 1.7)
 Calculation
 The average rate of reaction for the first minute.
 Decrease in mass = mass of carbon dioxide produced
 = (60.0-59.1) g = 0.9g
 Average rate of reaction for the first minute
mass of CO 2 produced 0.9 g
= = = 0.9 g min −1
time taken 1.0 min
Time(s) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Mass of 60.0 59.1 58.3 57.9 57.4 57.0 56.8 56.5 56.3
conical
flask +
content(g)
 Calculation
 the average rate of reaction between 1.4 minutes and 2.2
minutes
 Rate of decrease in mass
 58.8 − 58.3
= = 0.625 g min −1
2.2 − 1.4
 Calculation
 (c) The reaction rate at the 5th minute
a
 =Gradient of the graph at 5.0 minutes =
b
a = 57.5 − 56.4 = 1.1g
b = 7.0 − 3.4 = 3.6minutes
1.1
Gradient = = 0.306 g min −1
3.6
 Conclusion:
 The rate of reaction decreases as the reaction
proceeds. Finally, the reaction will stop when all
the calcium carbonate added have reacted.
 Example 4:
 3.0 g of excess marble (CaCO3) are added to 100 cm3 of
dilute hydrochloric acid. Figure 1.8 shows the graph of
volume of carbon dioxide produced against time.
 Example 4:
 Calculate
 (a) the average rate of reaction
 (b) the concentration of hydrochloric acid in mol dm-3.
 (1 mole of any gas occupies 24 dm3 at room conditions).
 Example 4:
 Solution
 (a) Total volume of carbon dioxide evolved = 360 cm 3
 Time taken = 8.0 minutes

 Average rate of reaction
360
 = = 45cm 3 min −1
8
 Example 4:
 Solution
 (b) Number of moles of CO2 evolved
360
= = 0.015mol
24 × 1000
 CaCO3 + 2HCl  CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
 Mole ratio of HCl : CO2 =2: 1

 Example 4:
 Solution
 (b) According to the equation, number of moles of
hydrochloric acid used
= 2 x 0.015 CaCO3 + 2HCl  CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
= 0.03 mole 2 moles HCl produces 1 mol CO2
? moles HCl produces 0.015 mol CO2
 Example 4:
 Solution
 (b) According to the equation, number of moles of
hydrochloric acid used
 = 2 x 0.015 N
 = 0.03 mole N = MV M =
V
 Concentration of hydrochloric acid, M
number of moles V = 100 cm3 =0.1 dm3
=
volume( in dm 3 )
0.03
= = 0.3moldm −3
0.1

1.1 Rate of Reaction

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1.1 Rate of Reaction

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Chapter 1

1 A chemical reaction takes

2 The speed of a chemical reaction is

6 (a) The rate of reaction can be defined

6 (b) The rate of reaction can also be

 (b) Therefore, the time taken for the colour of a

 Calculate the rate of reaction at 40 seconds in the

 Rate in cm3 min-1

 The rate of reaction decreases as

 Based on the experimental results, a graph of the mass of conical

 Time taken = 8.0 minutes

 CaCO3 + 2HCl  CaCl2 + H2O + CO2

 Mole ratio of HCl : CO2 =2: 1

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