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Ship Structures
Types of Welding
Fusion Welding
Homogeneous
Gas Welding
Electroslag
High Energy Beam
Electric Arc
Pressure Welding
Heterogeneous
Brazing
Friction Welding
Soldering
MIG
TIG
Shielded Metal Arc Stick
Weldability of a Metal
Metallurgical Capacity
Parent metal will join with the weld metal without
formation of deleterious constituents or alloys
Mechanical Soundness
Joint will be free from discontinuities, gas porosity,
shrinkage, slag, or cracks
Serviceability
Weld is able to perform under varying conditions
or service (e.g., extreme temperatures, corrosive
environments, fatigue, high pressures, etc.)
Oxyacetylene gas
Electric Arc
Plasma Arc
Laser
Fusion Welding
ELECTRODE COATING
CORE WIRE
WELDING ATMOSPHERE
ARC STREAM
ARC POOL
SOLIDIFIED SLAG
PENETRATION
DEPTH
WELD
BASE METAL
Weld Fluxes
Typical fluxes
SiO2, TiO2, FeO, MgO, Al2O3
Produces a gaseous shield to prevent
contamination
Act as scavengers to reduce oxides
Add alloying elements to the weld
Influence shape of weld bead during
solidification
Inert Gases
Argon, helium, nitrogen, and carbon
dioxide
Form a protective envelope around the
weld area
Used in
MIG
TIG
Shield Metal Arc
Vacuum
Produce high-quality welds
Used in electron beam welding
Nuclear/special metal applications
Zr, Hf, Ti
Oxyacetylene Cutting/Welding
Shielded Metal Arc (Stick)
Metal Inert Gas (MIG)
Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG)
Oxyacetylene Welding
Flame formed by burning a mix of acetylene
(C2H2) and oxygen
TORCH TIP
2300 deg F
DRIVE WHEELS
POWER
SOURCE
SHIELDING GAS
BASE METAL
ARC COLUMN
PUDDLE
TUNGSTEN
ELECTRODE
(CATHODE)
++
SHIELDING GAS
BASE METAL
ARC COLUMN
PUDDLE
++
Welding Positions
INCREASING DIFFICULTY
FLAT
HORIZONTAL
VERTICAL
OVERHEAD
Weld Defects
Undercuts/Overlaps
Grain Growth
A wide T will exist between base metal and HAZ.
Preheating and cooling methods will affect the brittleness of
the metal in this region
Blowholes
Are cavities caused by gas entrapment during the
solidification of the weld puddle. Prevented by proper weld
technique (even temperature and speed)
Weld Defects
Inclusions
Impurities or foreign substances which are forced into the weld
puddle during the welding process. Has the same effect as a
crack. Prevented by proper technique/cleanliness.
Segregation
Condition where some regions of the metal are enriched with an
alloy ingredient and others arent. Can be prevented by proper
heat treatment and cooling.
Porosity
The formation of tiny pinholes generated by atmospheric
contamination. Prevented by keeping a protective shield over the
molten weld puddle.
Residual Stresses
Rapid heating and cooling results in thermal stresses
detrimental to joint strength.
Prevention
Edge Preparation/Alignment beveled edges and space
between components to allow movement
Control of heat input skip or intermittent weld technique
Preheating reduces expansion/contraction forces (alloys)
and removes moisture from the surface
Peening help metal stretch as it cools by hitting with a
hammer. Use with care since it may work harden the metal
Heat Treatment soak the metal at a high temperature to
relieve stresses
Jigs and Fixtures prevent distortion by holding metal fixed
Number of Passes the fewer the better.
Joint Design
BUTT JOINT
FILLET JOINT
STRAP JOINT
LAP JOINT
CORNER JOINT
Weld Geometry
Electrode
Material
L1-L2
L1-L2
L1 = Weld Length
L2 = Distance between centers for stitched welds
1/2
1/2
1/2
Backing