3-ph Induction Motor

3-ph Induction Motor

Theory
1. Three-phase induction motor is the most
popular type of a. c. motor.
2. It is very commonly used for induction
drives since it is cheap, robust, efficient
and reliable.
3. It has good speed regulation and high
starting torque.
4. It requires little maintenance.
5. It has a reasonable overload capacity.

The basic principle of operation is induction and hence the

name Induction Motor.
Induction is a phenomenon of an induced voltage in a coil due
to changing flux.
This flux is established by either another coil (as a general
case) or the same coil.

IM consists of: 1. stator 2. rotor.

Tooth
Slot
Rotor
Shaft

Stator core
or Stamping

IM consists of: 1. stator 2. rotor.

The stator is the stationary part.
and the rotor is a rotating part.

Tooth
Slot

Rotor
Shaft

Stator core
or Stamping

The stator is built up of high-grade alloy steel

laminations (cold rolled grain oriented silicon steel
sheets) to reduce eddy current losses.

Rotor
Shaft

The laminations are slotted on the inner periphery

and are insulated from each other.
The insulated stator conductors are placed in these slots.

Rotor
Shaft

The stator conductors are connected to form a

three-phase winding.
The phase winding may be either star or delta connected.

Rotor
Shaft

The clearance between the stator and the rotor is

called an air gap.
The air gap is kept as small as possible to
a) Reduce leakage reactance & no load current and
b) Improve the
power factor.

Rotor
Shaft

The rotor is built up of thin laminations of the

same material as that of stator.
The laminated cylindrical core is mounted directly
on the shaft or a spider carried by the shaft.

Rotor
Shaft

The laminations are slotted on their outer

periphery to house the rotor conductors or
rotor bars.

Rotor
Shaft

The stator laminations are supported in a stator

frame of caste iron or fabricated steel plate.
Stator frame is connected to coverings.
The coverings are rested on bearings which are mounted on
shaft.

Rotor
Shaft

Common constructional features for ALL

rotating electrical machines

STATOR

Stator Core
Rotor Core

Shaf
t

Air Gap
Brushes
Slip rings

ROTOR

Rotor wdg

Bearings
Stator Frame

Stator wdg
STATOR

Base

There are TWO types of induction motor depending

on the types of rotor.
1. Squirrel-cage rotor or simply cage rotor. (SCIM).
2.Phase wound or wound rotor or slip ring rotor (SRIM).

Rotor Bars
(Slightly skewed)

End Rings

Rotor Bars
(Slightly skewed)

Fig. 1. Cage Rotor

The slots nearly parallel to the shaft axis or skewed .

Each slot contains an uninsulated bar conductor of
aluminium or copper.

There are TWO types of induction motor depending

on the types of rotor.
1. Squirrel-cage rotor or simply cage rotor. (SCIM).

Rotor Bars
(Slightly skewed)

End Rings

Rotor Bars
(Slightly skewed)

Fig. 1. Cage Rotor

At each end of the rotor, the rotor bar

conductors are short circuited by heavy end ring
of the same material.

There are TWO types of induction motor depending

on the types of rotor.
1. Squirrel-cage rotor or simply cage rotor. (SCIM).
2.Phase wound or wound rotor or slip ring rotor (SRIM).

Rotor Bars
(Slightly skewed)

End Rings

Rotor Bars
(Slightly skewed)

Fig. 1. Cage Rotor

The conductors and the end rings look like a cage of a bird
or form a cage of the type which was once commonly used for
keeping squirrel;
Hence this rotor is known as the squirrel cage rotor.

The important features of this squirrel cage rotor are:

1. The skewed bar reduces harmonics.
2. This gives uniform torque and less noise.
3. The locking tendency is reduced.
4. It has a compact and rugged construction.
5. The end rings can be projected for fanning action for
cooling.
6. It requires no slip rings.
7. It has less loss and more efficiency as compared to SRIM
8. It is not possible to add extra rotor resistance to change
the torque and speed. This is the only disadvantage.
Ha Ha Ha, We are important in Electrical Machines

2.Phase wound or wound rotor or slip ring rotor

(SRIM).
ROTOR
Brushes

SHAFT
OR

Rotor winding
In delta or Star

Start
Max

Run
Min

Slip Rings

Fig. 2. Slip Ring Rotor

The wound rotor consists of a slotted armature.
Insulated conductors are put in the slots and connected to
form a three phase distributed double layer winding
similar to the stator winding.

2.Phase wound or wound rotor or slip ring rotor

(SRIM).
ROTOR
Brushes

SHAFT
OR

Rotor winding
In delta or Star

Start
Max

Run
Min

Slip Rings

Fig. 2. Slip Ring Rotor

The rotor windings are connected in star or in delta.
The three ends of rotor windings are brought outside the
rotor and connected to three insulated slip rings.
The slip rings are mounted on the shaft with
brushes resting on them.

2.Phase wound or wound rotor or slip ring rotor

(SRIM).
ROTOR
Brushes

SHAFT
OR

Rotor winding
In delta or Star

Start
Max

Run
Min

Slip Rings

Fig. 2. Slip Ring Rotor

The resistors enable to increase each rotor
phase resistance to serve the following purposes:
1. to increase the starting torque.
2. to decrease the starting current.
3. to improve the starting power factor.
4. to decrease the speed of the motor.

Principle
of
Operation
B
R
R
Y

R
R
Y

R
R
Y

b
r
r

y
0

60 120 180 240 300 360

b
r
r

y
0

60 120 180 240 300 360

0=(3/2)m
b

b0

Consider an angle 0o

-y0

R2

Y1
r

B2
y

R1

B1

Y2

b0={(3)/(2)m
0 60 120 180 240 300 360

-y0={(3)/(2)}m

B1=+ & B2 =
Y1= & Y2 =+

R1= 0 & R2 =0

At an angle 60o
-y0 60=(3/2)m
Y1

r60
r

B2
y

R2

R1

B1

Y2

r60={(3)/(2)m
0

60 120 180 240 300 360

-y60={(3)/(2)}m

R1=+ & R2 =
Y1= & Y2 =+
B1= 0 & B2 =0

At an angle 120o
b

N
r120

Y1

B2

120=(3/2)m
-b120

R2

R1

B1

Y2

r120={(3)/(2)m

y
0

60 120 180 240 300 360

-b120={(3)/(2)}m

R1=+ & R2 =
Y1= 0 & Y2 = 0
B1= & B2 =+

At an angle 180o

b
Y1
r

Y180

-b180

R1

B1

Y2

180=(3/2)m

B2

R2

y180={(3)/(2)m
0

60 120 180 240 300 360

-b180={(3)/(2)}m

R1=0 & R2 = 0
Y1= + & Y2 =
B1= & B2 =+

At an angle 240o
b
Y1

-r240

B2

Y240
y

R2

R1

B1

Y2

y240={(3)/(2)m
0

-r240={(3)/(2)}m

60 120 180 240 300 360

R1= & R2 = +
Y1= + & Y2 =
B1= 0 & B2 = 0

At an angle 300o

b300
300=(3/2)m

-r300

Y1

B2

R2

R1

B1

Y2

b300={(3)/(2)m
0

60 120 180 240 300 360

-r300={(3)/(2)}m

R1= & R2 = +
Y1= 0 & Y2 = 0
B1= + & B2 =

360=(3/2)m
b

b360

At an angle 360o

-y360

R2

Y1
r

b360={(3)/(2) }m
y

Phasor is
same as
that of
angle 0o

B2

R1

B1

Y2

60 120 180 240 300 360

-y360={(3)/(2)}m

R1= 0 & R2 =0
Y1= & Y2 =+

B1=+ & B2 =

B
Y1
R
R

B2
Y

Y
0

R2

R1

B1

Y2

60 120 180 240 300 360

For Clockwise RYB, Flux rotate Clockwise,

Poles rotate Clockwise,

Y
B1
R
R

Y2
Y

R2

R1

Y1

B2

B
Now change the
phase sequence
of motor to RBY
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
With same
supply phase
sequence
For anticlockwise phase sequence, Flux rotate anticlockwise,
Poles rotate anticlockwise,

Rotation of Rotor

FIRST
METHOD

B
Rotor Conductor

STATOR

ROTOR

Three Phase Supply is given

Flux is set up in the stator and passes from
stator to rotor

Rotation of Rotor

FIRST
METHOD

STATOR

ROTOR

Three Phase Supply is given

Flux is set up in the stator and passes from
stator to rotor
Flux rotates Clockwise at Synchronous Speed Ns
A magnetic field moving clockwise has the same effect as a
conductor moving anticlockwise in a stationary field.

Rotation of Rotor

FIRST
METHOD

Motion of
Conductor
w .r. t.
Stationary
Field

Flux
Direction

By Faradays law of electromagnetic induction, a voltage will

be induced in the conductor.
Since the rotor is complete, either through the end rings or
an external resistance, the induced voltage causes a current
to flow in the rotor conductor.
By right-hand rule we can determine the direction of induced
current in the conductor.

Rotation of Rotor

FIRST
METHOD

Motion of
Conductor
w .r. t.
Stationary
Field

Flux
Direction

Y of the induced current is outwards,

By this rule the direction
represented by dot.
The current in the rotor conductor produces its own
magnetic field which is opposite to stator field on right hand
side and addition of flux on left hand side.
This flux opposes the cause of it and cause is stator rotating
magnetic field. (Lenzs Law)

Rotation of Rotor

FIRST
METHOD

Motion of
Conductor
w .r. t.
Stationary
Field

Flux
Direction

Y of the induced current is outwards,

By this rule the direction
represented by dot.
The current in the rotor conductor produces its own
magnetic field which is opposite to stator field on right hand
side and addition of flux on left hand side.
This flux opposes the cause of it and cause is stator rotating
magnetic field. (Lenzs Law)
So rotor condr or rotor moves in the same dirn of stator field.

Rotation of Rotor

FIRST
METHOD

Y of the induced current is outwards,

By this rule the direction
represented by dot.
The current in the rotor conductor produces its own
magnetic field which is opposite to stator field on right hand
side and addition of flux on left hand side.
This flux opposes the cause of it and cause is stator rotating
magnetic field.
So rotor condr or rotor moves in the same dirn of stator field.

Rotation of Rotor

FIRST
METHOD

If rotor moves in opposite direction then the speed

difference between rotor and stator rotating magnetic field
increases.

This increases the opposition. (Not opposing the cause of it)

Rotation of Rotor

FIRST
METHOD

If rotor moves in same direction then the speed difference

between rotor and stator rotating magnetic field decreases.

This decreases the opposition. (opposing the cause of it)

B
More
Flux

Rotation of Rotor

SECOND
METHOD

Less
Flux

The current in the rotor conductor produces its own magnetic

field which is opposite to stator field on right hand side and
addition of flux on left hand side.

Rotor conductor moves towards right due to tension action of

flux. (Catapult)
It is seen that the force acting on the conductor is in the
same direction as the direction of the rotating magnetic field.

Rotation of Rotor

B
THIRD
METHOD Direction of

Force on Conductor

Current

Flux
Direction

Y
When a conductor carrying current is put in a magnetic field a
force is produced on it. The direction of force can be found by
left hand Rule.
It is seen that the force acting on the conductor is in the
same direction as the direction of the rotating magnetic field.

Rotation of Rotor

FOURTH
METHOD

Y1

Flux

R2
B1

Motion B2

N
R1

Y2

3 ph magnetic field rotates in clockwise direction for

clockwise RYB
Apply RHR to rotor conductor
Mark the Poles formed in rotor
Now consider N of stator and N of rotor,
Repulsion
Similarly S of stator and S of rotor,
Now consider N of stator and S of rotor,

So rotor has to rotate in clockwise direction

Attraction

Rotation of Rotor

FOURTH
METHOD

Y1

Flux

R2
B1

Motion B2

N
R1

Y2

3 ph magnetic field rotates in clockwise direction for

clockwise RYB
Apply RHR to rotor conductor
Mark the Poles formed in rotor
Now consider N of stator and N of rotor,
Repulsion
Similarly S of stator and S of rotor,
Now consider N of stator and S of rotor,

So rotor has to rotate in clockwise direction

Attraction

Rotation of Rotor

FOURTH
METHOD

Y1

Flux

R2
B1

Motion B2

N
R1

Y2

3 ph magnetic field rotates in clockwise direction for

clockwise RYB
Apply RHR to rotor conductor
Mark the Poles formed in rotor
Now consider N of stator and N of rotor,
Repulsion
Similarly S of stator and S of rotor,
Now consider N of stator and S of rotor,

So rotor has to rotate in clockwise direction

Attraction

Rotation of Rotor

FOURTH
METHOD

Y1

R2
B1

N
B2

R1

Y2

3 ph magnetic field rotates in clockwise direction for

clockwise RYB
Apply RHR to rotor conductor
Mark the Poles formed in rotor
Now consider N of stator and N of rotor,
Repulsion
Similarly S of stator and S of rotor,
Now consider N of stator and S of rotor,

So rotor has to rotate in clockwise direction

Attraction

Torque

Since the rotor conductor is in a slot on the circumference of

the rotor, this force acts in a tangential direction to the rotor
and develops a torque on the rotor.

Similar torques are produced on all the rotor conductors.

Torque

Since the rotor conductor is in a slot on the circumference of

the rotor, this force acts in a tangential direction to the rotor
and develops a torque on the rotor.

Similar torques are produced on all the rotor conductors.

Hence rotor rotates and thus
Three-phase induction motor is self starting.

Rotor Rotation
w. r. t. Stator
Flux

Ns
Nr

s=(Ns-Nr)/Ns=0.04

sf=0.04x50=2Hz

Stator Current, f=50Hz, t=20msec

Rotor Current, f=2Hz, t=500msec
Rotor Current

fr=sf
t=500msec

Rotor Rotation
w. r. t. Stator
Flux

Ns
Nr

B
In this case Nr =Ns;
slip = 0;
Y
No Speed difference between
Rotor
and Rotating Magnetic Field.
No cutting of flux;
No voltage; No current;

R
Ns

Nr

Rotor Rotation
w. r. t. Stator
Flux

Ns
Nr

B
In this case Nr =Ns;
slip = 0;
Y
No Speed difference between
Rotor
and Rotating Magnetic Field.
No cutting of flux;
No voltage; No current;
No Rotor Flux.
No torque. Speed decreases.

R
Ns

Nr

Rotor Rotation
w. r. t. Stator
Flux

Ns
Nr

R
Ns

In this case Nr =Ns;

slip = 0;
Y
Nr
No Speed difference between
Rotor
and Rotating Magnetic Field.
No cutting of flux;
No voltage; No current;
No Rotor Flux.
No torque. Speed decreases.
Y
As soon as speed decreases, rotor current flows and

Torque is produced

Rotor Rotation
w. r. t. Stator
Flux

Ns
Nr

R
Ns

In this case Nr =Ns;

slip = 0;
Y
Nr
No Speed difference between
Rotor
and Rotating Magnetic Field.
No cutting of flux;
No voltage; No current;
No Rotor Flux.
No torque. Speed decreases.
Y
As soon as speed decreases, rotor current flows and

Torque is produced

Rotor Rotation
w. r. t. Stator
Flux

Ns
Nr

An induction motor cannot run at synchronous speed.

Therefore the rotor speed is slightly less than the
synchronous speed.

Since the operation of this motor depends on the induced

voltage in its rotor conductors, it is called an induction motor.

An induction motor may also be called as asynchronous

motor as it does not run at synchronous speed.
The difference between the synchronous speed and the
actual rotor speed is called slip speed Ns-Nr.
The slip is defined as the ratio of slip speed to the
synchronous speed, s =(Ns-Nr)/Ns.
The slip at full load varies from 2 to 5%.
Frequency of rotor emf = f2

P relative speed betn rotating flux& rotor

120
P Ns Nr

120
P sN s
sf1

120

120 sf1
Speed of rotor 120 f 2

flux w r t itself
P
P

sN s

Rotor itself rotates at a speed Nr = (1-s) Ns, wrt stator

Speed of rotor flux wrt stator = sNs + Nr

=Ns
Thus stator and rotor flux rotate at synchronous speed wrt
stator

120 sf1
Speed of rotor 120 f 2

flux w r t itself
P
P

sN s

Rotor itself rotates at a speed Nr = (1-s) Ns, wrt stator

Speed of rotor flux wrt stator = sNs + Nr

=Ns
Thus stator and rotor flux rotate at synchronous speed wrt

stator

Ns wrt stator
Ns wrt stator
S

Nr wrt stator

120 sf1
Speed of rotor 120 f 2

flux w r t itself
P
P

sN s

Rotor itself rotates at a speed Nr = (1-s) Ns, wrt stator

Speed of rotor flux wrt stator = sNs + Nr

=Ns
Thus stator and rotor flux rotate at synchronous speed wrt

stator
Relative speed is zero.

MMF are stationary wrt each other

This produces uniform torque

The rotor freq quantity acts at stator freq when referred to
stator

Induction Motor & Transformer

Induction Motor
Transformer
Stator
Primary
Rotor
Secondary
Induction Motor is also called as
Generalized Transformer
Therefore, equivalent circuit diagram of transformer is
applicable to IM
Voltage equation of stator, V1= -E1+I1(r1+jx1) =V1+I1(r1+jx1)
x1
r
1
I
1

I0
Ic

Rc

V1
f1

I
jXm

Voltage equation of rotor,

V2=E2 I2(r2+jx2), for transformer
= sE2 I2(r2+jsx2), for IM
= 0, for shorted rotor (IM)
= sE2 I2(r2+jsx2), for IM

sE 2
, at slip frequency f2
Rotor current I2=
r2 jsx 2
r
I2

Rotor current I2=

sE2

f2=sf1

jsx2
I2

E2

r2 / s

E2
r2
jx2
s

at frequency f1
jx2

f1

E2 = I2(r2+jsx2),
I2
2 r2
E1 E2 ' aE2
(a
ja 2 x2 )
a
s

r2 '
E1 I1 ' ( jx2 ' )
s

I1
E1

r2 ' / s
Jx2
f1

Complete Equivalent Circuit Diagram

r1

I1

jx1

r2 ' / s

I1
I0

Ic
Rc

V1
f1

I
jXm

Jx2

Complete Equivalent Circuit Diagram

r1

jx1

I1

Jx2

I1
I0

Ic
Rc

V1

I
jXm

f1

r2
1 s
- r2 r2

s
s

r2 ' / s

Complete Equivalent Circuit Diagram

r1

I1

jx1

r2

I1

jx2

I0
Ic
V1

Rc

I
jXm

1 s
r2

Power Balance
r1

I1

jx1

r2

I1

jx2

I0
Ic
Rc

jXm

Stator

Stator

Rotor

loss

loss

loss

V1

Stator
Input
power

V1
I1cos1

I12r1

core

Rotor Input power

(Air Gap Power Pg)

I22r2

1 s
r2

Mechanical
Power
Developed in
Rotor Pm

E2 I2cos2=I22r2/s

Rotor Input power= V1 I1 cos 1 - I12r1 - Pi

Air gap power, Pg= I22r2 + Pm
=E2 I2 cos 2
I2

E2
2

r2

and cos2

r2
2
x2
s
r2
s
Pg E2 I 2
2
r
2
2

x

2
s
2 r2
Pg I 2
s
1 s
Pg I 2 2 r2 I 2 2 r2

s
Pg sPg (1 s)Pg

s
2

r2
2
x2
s

 1 s
Pm I 2 2 r2

s
(1 s) Pg
Internal (or Gross) torque developed per phase is
Te

Internal Mechanical Power Developed in Rotor

Rotor Speed in Mechanical Radian per Seconds

(1 s) Pg
Pm

r(m) (1 s) s(m)

Pg
s(m)

Watts/rad/sec

Te can also be expressed as Synchronous Watts

due to Pg and s.

Shaft Power Psh= Pm - F & W Loss

- Iron Loss Pi (If not considered
earlier in Equi Ckt Diagram)
=Pm - Constant Loss
Tsh

Psh

r(m)
=Te - Lost Torque due to constant loss

Efficiency =

Pm
Pm Pconstant Pcu

100%

0.5% is deducted from calculated efficiency

in order to consider STRAY load losses.

Torque- Slip Characteristics

r1

I1

jx1

I1
I0

Ic
V1

jx2

Rc

jXm

r2 /s

Apply Thevenins Theorem at points A and B.

r1 and x1 are in parallel with Xm
Obtain VTH, ITH, RTH and XTH

Torque- Slip Characteristics

RTH I
TH

jXTH

I1 =I2

jx2

r2 /s

VTH

Thevenins Equivalent Circuit Diagram

Torque- Slip Characteristics

P g m 2 r2
m
Te

I2

s s
s
s
r2
RTH
s

VTH 2
2

TH
2

r2
Nm
s

Stable (T-s linear ch) (Shunt ch)

Motoring Mode
Tem
TL
Unstable
Top

Te

Test
0
1

Speed
Slip

Ns
0

Test

Tem

RTH

KTH
r
2
2 2
r2 XTH x2

KTH
2

2 RTH RTH X 2

X XTH x

s KTH
Top
r2

Motor torque Te in terms of Tem

KTH

r2
s

r2

2
R R 2 X 2
RTH XTH x2
2
TH
TH
r2
Te
s

2
Tem
KTH
r2

2 s
RTH XTH x2
2
2
s

2 RTH RTH X

Assume r1 very small, so neglected.

RTH r1, RTH is also neglected.
r2
2
RTH (XTH x2 ) 2 XTH x2 X
smt
2X
smt X
Te

2
Tem
s
smt X
2

X
s

smt
s

s
smt

r2 smt X

Te
2

Tem smt s
s
smt

TTee
22

TTemest smt1 ss

s s smt
1

Analysis of equivalent circuit

r1

I1

jx1
Ic

V1

Rc

I2
I0

jx2
I

jXm

r2
1 s
r2 r2

s
s

r2/s

r1 I jx1
1
Ic
V1

r2

I2

I0

Rc

jx2

I
jXm

1 s

r2

With this, circuit is equivalent to transformer.

At standstill, s=1,
ckt becomes equivalent to short circuited transformer.
At synchronous speed, s=0,
ckt becomes equivalent to open circuited transformer.

Equivalent Circuit parameters

The equivalent circuit parameters can be
determined from
1. DC resistance measurement method
2. No Load Test or Running Light test or Open Circuit Test
3. Blocked Rotor test or Short Circuit Test
1. DC resistance measurement method
The DC stator resistance r1, at room temperature is
measured by circulating a suitable DC current
measuring voltage drop between stator terminals

rdc=Vdc/Idc

The hot resistance at 750 is

r1=(1.1 to 1.3) rdc

2. No Load Test or Running Light Test or

Open Circuit Test
W0

I0

This test gives

1. Core loss
2. F & W loss
3. No load current I0
4. No load power factor
5. Ic, Rc, I, Xm
6. Mechanical faults, noise

STATOR

V0 V
B

Y
ROTOR

Rated per voltage V0, with

rated freq is given to stator.

Motor is run at NO LOAD

P0, I0 and V0 are recorded

P0 = I02r1+Pc+Pfw

P0
Cos0
V0 I0
1. Ic=I0cos0

No load power factor is small,

0.05 to 0.15
provided x1 is known

2. I=I0sin0

E0
E0
, E 0 V 0 I 0 (r 1 jx 1)
3. R c
4. X m
Ic
I
On No load, Motor runs near to syn speed
So, s zero 1/s= or open circuit
jx2
r1 I jx1
I

I0

Ic
V0

Rc

I
jXm

open circuit

r2/s

The F & W loss Pfw, can be obtained from this

test.
Vary input voltage and note input power
Input Power

Pfw
Input Voltage
Thus Pc=P0 - I02r1 - Pfw

3. Blocked Rotor test or Short Circuit Test

Isc

Rotor is blocked, Speed = 0, slip = 1

Wsc

IM

V Vsc
B

Y
Rotor is blocked or held stationary by

3-ph Variac

belt pulley or by hand

Low voltage is applied upto rated stator current

Voltage Vsc, Current Isc and Power Psc are measured.

Since slip is 1, secondary is short circuited

r1

jx1
Ic

Vsc

Isc
I0

Rc

This test gives copper loss

Mechanical loss =0
Core loss negligible
Rc and Xm >> r2+jx2
Hence omitted

r2

jx2

I
jXm

1 s

r2

Therefore, Zsc = Vsc / Isc

=Rsc+jXsc

P sc
cossc
=0.8 to 0.9
VscI sc

Rsc= Psc/Isc2 = r1+r2

r2= Rsc r1

X sc Z sc 2 R sc 2 x 1x 2
For wound rotor motor, x1 = x2 = Xsc /2
For squirrel cage motor,
Class of motor

x1

x2

1.

Class A (normal Tst and Ist)

0.5

0.5

2.

Class B (normal Tst and low Ist)

0.4

0.6

3.

Class C (high Tst and low Ist)

0.3

0.7

4.

Class D (high Tst and high slip)

0.5

0.5

Circle Diagram of Ind Motor

Graphical representation

The equivalent ckt., operating ch. can be obtained

by computer quickly and accurately
But the advantage of circle diagram is that
extremities or Limits of stator current, Power,

torque and slip can be known from circle diagram

The circle diagram is constructed with the help of
1. No load test (I0 & 0)
2. Blocked rotor test (Isc & sc)

y
Isc

V1

Output line

sc
O

0 I
0

x
4. Join I0 and Isc

1. Draw x and y axes(V1 on y axis)

Line I0Isc is
2. Draw I0 and Isc(=V1/Zsc)
output line
3. Draw parallel line to x axis from I0.
This line indicates constant loss vertically

y
Isc

V1

Output line
T

sc
0 I
0

L1

O
L2
5. Draw perpendicular bisector to output line

6. Draw circle with C as a centre

7. Draw perpendicular from Isc on x axis..
I scT r2' Rotor Cu Loss

8. Divide IscL1 in such a way that.

T L1
r1 Stator Cu Loss

rated output power

Isc

V1

Output line
T Torque line

sc
O

0 I
0

L1
L2

9. Join I0T. This is called as Torque Line.

10. Suppose 1cm=Xamp, so 1cm=V1.X= power scale
Rated output power/V1X = Total cm for rated o/p power
Total cm for rated output power=IscR

P
V1
P
1

Isc
Output line
T Torque line

sc

O
T
L1
0 I
L

1
0
C
x
O
L2
L2
11. From R, draw line parallel to output line crossing at P & P.
P is operating point
12. Join O and P. Cos1 is operating pf.
13. From P draw perpendicular on x axis

Lebel O, T , L1 and L2

Isc

V1
P

Output line

sc
O

0 I
0

O
T
L1
L2

T Torque line
C

L1
L2

14. Determine the following

1. Constant Losses and copper losses
L1L2=L1L2=constant losses =Core loss + F & W loss
no load current I0

Isc

V1
P

Output line

sc
O

0 I
0

O
T
L1
L2

At standstill, input power = IscL2

T Torque line
C

L1
L2

L1L2=Constant Loss

Constant loss= Stator core loss +rotor core loss (f)

F & W loss=0

Isc

V1
P

Output line

sc
O

0 I
0

O
T
L1
L2

T Torque line
C

L1
L2

At operating point P, input power = PL2, L1L2=Constant Loss

Constant loss = Stator core loss + F & W loss
Rotor core loss 0 (sf)
Thus L1L2=L1L2= Constant loss

Isc

V1
P

Output line

sc
O

0 I
0

O
T
L1
L2

At standstill, Stator Cu loss=TL1

At P, stator Cu loss =TL1 and

T Torque line
C

L1
L2

rotor Cu loss = IscT

rotor Cu loss = OT

y
Pmax

V1

Isc

Output line

O
O
T T
0 I
L1 L1
0
O
L2 L2
2. Output Power and Torque
Output Power = OP

T Torque line

sc

L1

The gap betn output line and circle is OUTPUT

Power.
0
Speed
At I0, o/p=0, at Isc, o/p=0
1
Slip
Max output power=PmaxO

LP2max

Ns
0

y
Pmax

V1
P
1

P
Tmax

Isc
Output line
T Torque line

O
O
T
T T
L1
L1
0 I
L

1
1
0
C
x
L

O
L2 L2 2
L2
Tmax
2. Output Power and Torque
Output Torque = TP
The gap betn torque line and circle is OUTPUT torque.
Ns
0
Speed
At I0, torque=0, but at
Isc, torque=T Isc=Starting torque
1
Slip
0
Max output torque=TmaxT
sc

y
Pmax

V1
P
1

P
Tmax

O
O
T
T T
L1
0 I
L

1
1
0
C
L

O
L2 L2 2
2. Output Power and Torque
sc

Isc
Output line
T Torque line

L1
L2

Max Power and Max Torque are not occurring at same time
Contradiction to max power transfer theorem

y
Pmax

V1

sc

O
T
0 I
L1
0
O
L2
3. Slip, Power factor and

Isc

Tmax

P
1

Output line

T Torque line

T
T
L1 L1
C
L

L2 2
Efficiency

L1
L2

Air gap power Pg = Input power Stator Cu loss- core loss

=PL2-TL1-L1L2 = PT
s = rotor Cu loss/Pg =OT/PT

smp

O"T "

Pmax T "

O" ' T " '

smt
Tmax T " '

y
Pmax

V1

Tmax

P
1

sc

O
T
0 I
L1
0
O
L2
3. Slip, Power factor and

T
T
L1 L1
C
L

L2 2
Efficiency

Power factor cos1 = PL2/OP

Efficiency= PO/PL2

Isc
Output line
T Torque line

L1
L2

y
Pmax

V1

Tmax

P
1

sc
O

0 I
0

4. Braking Torque

O
T
L1
L2

Isc
Output line
braking torque
T Torque line

T
C

s=1
Te L
1
L2

s=
Speed
s=0
0
Ns
1
The gap betn circle and T & s= is braking
Slip 0
torque

y
Pmax

V1

Tmax

P
1

sc

O
T
0 I
L1
0
O
L2
5. Induction Generator
s=0

Isc
Output line
braking torque
T Torque line
s=1

T
C

L1
L2

x
s=

y
Pmax

V1

P
Tmax

Isc
Output line
braking torque

O
O
T
T
0 I
L1
0
C
O
L2
5. Induction Generator
s=0
G
s= -ve
G
(Generator)
sc

PGmax

T Torque line
s=1

L1
L2

x
s=

OG=Gen Current
OG=Mech I/p
L2G=Active power
OL2=reactive power

y
Pmax

V1

P
Tmax

P
1

Isc
Output line
braking torque
T Torque line

O
O
s=1
T
T
L1
0 I
L

1
Te
0
C
x
O
L2
L2
5. Induction Generator
s=
Speed
Speed
s=0
0
Ns
2Ns
G
OG=Gen
Current
1
Slip 0
Slip -1

OG=Mech I/p
s=
-ve
G
(Generator)
L2G=Active power
sc

PGmax

OL2=reactive power

High Torque Cage Motors

(Double Cage Motors)

High rotor resistance at the time of START gives

Higher starting torque

Lower starting current

Advantages

Better power factor

Lower full load speed
Poor speed regulation
More rotor ohmic loss
Reduced efficiency

Disadvantages

On the other hand

Low rotor resistance at the time of START
results in
Lower starting torque
Higher starting current

Disadvantages

Poor power factor

Higher full load speed
Better speed regulation
Less rotor ohmic loss

Advantages

More efficiency
Therefore, it may be concluded that
High rotor resistance at starting
Low rotor resistance at running
are the desirable features.

In SRIM or Wound Rotor IM these two

conditions are obtained by using

external resistance
But in SCIM it is achieved by special rotor arrangement
which are called as High Torque Rotors.
There are two types of rotors
1. Deep Bar Rotor
2. Double cage Rotor or Boucherot Rotor

1. Deep Bar Rotor

Air Gap
Less Flux lines

Magnetic
Material

More Flux lines

Slot Leakage Flux

Types of deep bar

Conductor

Parallel
sided bar

Trapezoidal
bar

L-bar

T-bar

Portion B has more leakage flux lines

More leakage reactance xb
Less leakage reactance xa
Air Gap
At the time of start
Rotor freq. =f
More current at top (A)

Less Flux lines

Less current at B (skin effect)

This non-uniform
distribution of current
increases resistance
of lower part (B)
So high starting torque
is developed

Magnetic
Material

More Flux lines

Slot Leakage Flux

Under running condition,

Freq = sf
Leakage reactances of both parts decrease
Air Gap
Current is distributed uniformly

Resistance decreases.

Less Flux lines

Thus better performance

at start and at normal

speed
B

Magnetic
Material

More Flux lines

Slot Leakage Flux

Equivalent Circuit Diagram

r1

I1

jx1
Ic

V1

Rc

I2
I0

jx2
I
jXm

r2/s

Same phasor diagram of induction motor

But for calculations, r2 and x2 must be considered
accordingly
At start freq f and under running freq sf

2. Double cage Rotor or Boucherot Rotor

Two cages top cage less cross section high resistance- brass, aluminium, bronze -A
bottom cage more cross section low resistance- copper -B
A
x

B
x

Types
ab

Slit
Heat
conduction
Dumb-bell
slotting

Staggered
slotting

a = leakage flux of A - rotor

b = leakage flux of B-rotor
ab = leakage flux of rotor
= mutual flux of A & B
A
x

B
x

b >> a
a

At the time of start,

ab

rb+jxb >> ra+jxa

Zb >> Za
Slit
Heat
conduction

More Current flows through A

ra >> rb (ra = 5 to 6 times rb)
More resistance
More starting torque

Under running condition, freq = sf

xa & xb are negligible and ra >> rb
Therefore, Za >> Zb
More Current flows through B
A
x

B
x

Less resistance
Good operating characteristics
ab

Slit
Heat
conduction

r1 I jx1
1
Equivalent
Circuit Diagram

Ic
V1

I2
I0

jx2

Rc

jXm

r2/s

With top cage only

r1 I jx1
1
Ic
V1
With bottom cage only

Rc

I3
I0

jx3
I
jXm

r3/s

Equivalent Circuit Diagram

For double cage

r1 I jx1
1
Ic
V1

Rc

I0

jx2

I3
jx3

r2/s

r3/s

I2

jXm

All parameters are referred to stator

2 r2
2 r3
Air gap power, Pg = I 2
I3
s
s
Pg
1 2 r2
2 r3

I2
I3
Te =

s
s 2 ns s

rotor voltage
Top cage rotor current, I2 =
r2
jx2
s
rotor voltage
Bottom cage rotor current, I3 =
r3
jx3
s
2

Te2
Te3

r3
2
x3
r2
s

=
2
r3
r2
2
x2
s

Torque slip characteristics

First consider top cage (more resistance)

Now consider bottom cage (less resistance)
Double cage
Te

Bottom cage
0
1

Speed
Slip

Ns

Comparison between single cage and

double cage IM

1. T-s characteristics
Double cage
Wide range of torque slip ch
can be obtained by choice of
top and bottom cage

Te

Single cage
0
1

Speed
Slip

Ns
0

2. Starting performance
In case of double cage,
higher starting torque can
be obtained

Double cage
Te

Single cage
0
1

Speed
Slip

Ns
0

Due to more resistance,

suitable for Direct-On-Line
starting
But there is more heating

3. Full load performance

Double cage has higher r2
and x2 ,
So lower breakdown torque
low power factor
low full load slip

Double cage
Te

Single cage
0
1

Speed
Slip

Ns
0

low efficiency

4. Circle diagram
At the time of start, rb+jxb >> ra+jxa, Zb >> Za
More Current flows through A
y

Double Cage

V1

Single Cage

A
B

Example
A 4 pole, 50Hz, double cage induction motor has
the following per phase parameters referred to
stator.
Stator: r1 = 0.5, x1 = 1.5
Rotor: Top cage: r2 = 2, x2 = 0.6
Bottom cage: r3 = 0.4, x3 = 3.4

Magnetizing current is zero. The primary in delta is

energized from 400V. Calculate the starting torque and full
load torque at 4% slip using the approximate equivalent
Circuit. Find also the pf at starting and at full load

Solution
The equivalent circuit diagram with I0=0 is

r1 I jx1
1

V1

0.5 1.5 I2

0.6

2/s

I3
jx3 3.4

jx2

r2/s

r3/s 0.4/s

Total impedance at the input terminal is

Z 0.5 j1.5

2 j0.6 0.4 j3.4

2.4 j4

1.657 j2.5043

3.00356.510

Synchronous speed=2ns =225 =50 rad/sec

Stator starting current, I1 400 133.2A
3.003
I1 2
equivalent rotor resistance
Starting torque, Test
s

1
133.2 2 1.157 130.68 Nm

50
Pf at starting cos56.51 0.5518 Lagging
Total impedance at full load is
2
0.4

j0.6
j3.4

0.04
0.04
8.985 j3.769
Z 0.5 j1.5
2.4

j4

0.04

9.74322.76

400
A
9.743
2
1 400

8.485
50 9.743

F L stator current, I1
F L torque, Tefl

91.05 Nm

F L Pf cos22.76 0 0.922 Lagging

The starting torque is higher than F L torque
F L pf is better than starting pf

Example

A 6hp, 220V, 50Hz, 6 pole, 3-ph, star connected

IM gave following test data:
No load test: 220V, 6A, 475W (Line values)
Blocked rotor test: 110V, 27A, 1930W (Line values)
Calculate from the circle diagram, for full load condition,
line current, power factor, torque, slip and efficiency
Also determine the maximum output, maximum torque, slip
for maximum torque and starting torque.
The stator copper loss at standstill is twice the rotor
copper loss.
17.44A, 0.83 lag, 45.41Nm, 0.046, 79%
8.89hp, 73.14Nm, 0.134, 32.75Nm

Starting of 3-ph IM
Induction motors find wide application in
electrical drives because of
1. constructional advantages
2. robustness
3. cheapness
In industry, in order to attain
high productivity

high quality products

it is required to PROPERLY
START
CONTROL SPEED
STOP the motor

Starting of SCIM
Depends on
1. Size of motor
2. Type of load and
3. Capacity of supply lines
There are principally TWO methods
1. Full voltage starting or Direct-on-Line starting

2. Reduced voltage starting

1. Full voltage starting or Direct-on-Line starting
Simplest
inexpensive
As the name indicates IM is directly connected to
supply mains

3-ph Supply

Rotor

Stator
Fig: Direct- On-Line starting

At starting m/c has low pf

current 5 to 10 times F L current
This large current may not harm rugged SCIM

but may cause objectionable voltage drop

which may affect other equipments
For example dimming of lamps and tube lights

when refrigerator motor starts in the home.

Therefore, this method is applicable up to 3 HP.

If starting time is more, motor may burn.

The equation of torque is

r2
I2
Te
s
s
2
Test
I 2 st r2 / 1

2
Tefl
I 2 fl r2 / s fl

I 2 st

I
2 fl

s fl

If no load current is neglected, then similar to transformer

I1st
I2st

Rotor Turns
=
Stator turns

I1st x Stator turns = I2st x Rotor turns

 I1st = I2st x Ratio of Rotor turns to Stator turns

I1st = I2st x Ratio of Rotor turns to Stator turns

I1fl = I2fl x Ratio of Rotor turns to Stator turns
I1st

I1fl
Test
Tefl

I2st
I2fl

I1st

I1fl

I sc
sfl

1fl

sfl

At the time of start, I1st=Isc

2. Reduced voltage starting

In SCIM, it is not possible to change the rotor

resistance.
Therefore, the starting current can only be reduced by
reducing the stator terminal voltage
There are three methods of reducing voltage
1. Stator reactor (or resistor) starting

2. Auto-transformer starting
3. Star-delta starting
1. Stator reactor (or resistor) starting

Three reactors (or resistors) are connected in series with

stator winding.
The voltage applied to stator wdg is less than the voltage
drop across reactor.

V1

xV1

Rotor
Stator

3V1
Stator Reactor
Fig: Stator Reactor starting

The value of x is less than one.

Initially more reactor is in circuit, less voltage applied to
stator and motor is started.
As speed increase, reactor is cut out in steps.
and finally no reactor is in circuit.
Speed is equal to operating speed

In place of reactors, resistors can be used.

V1

xV1

Rotor
Stator

3V1
Stator Reactor
Fig: Stator Reactor starting
Reactors are more costly than resistors.
But reactors are preferred due to
1. Low power loss in reactors
2. Effective reduction in voltage applied to stator
V1
V1
Vr
VL
I1

I1
VR

xV1

V1

Rotor
Stator

3V1
Stator Reactor
Fig: Stator Reactor starting
The starting current is I1st xV1 / Z 1
The short circuit current is I sc V1 / Z 1
I1st xI sc

Test
Tefl
Thus,

I1st

I1fl

2 I sc
sfl x
I

fl

sfl

Starting torque with reactor starting

=x2
Starting torque with DOL starting

2. Auto-transformer starting
V1
IL

xV1

xV1
I st xI sc

Rotor
Stator

Fig: Auto-transformer starting

The fraction of xV1 is applied to the stator wdg at starting.

As speed increases, gradually voltage is increased
Finally full voltage is applied to the motor.
Advantages 1. Voltage is changed by transformer action
and not by dropping voltage as that of reactor
2. So power loss and input current are less.

2. Auto-transformer starting
V1
IL

xV1

xV1

Rotor
Stator

I st xI sc

Fig: Auto-transformer starting

The stator starting current is Ist xV1 / z1 xIsc

For auto-transformer, input VA= output VA
ILV1=Ist (xV1)
Therefore, line current at
IL=xIst
input is x2 times the DOL
current.
IL=x2Isc
Thus,

Test

Tefl

I1st

I1fl

sfl

2 I sc
x
Ifl

sfl

2. Auto-transformer starting
V1
IL

xV1

xV1

Rotor
Stator

I st xI sc

Fig: Auto-transformer starting

Line current at input due to auto-transformer starting
=x
Line current at input due to stator reactor starting
V1
IL

xV1

xV1
I st xI sc

Rotor
Stator

2. Auto-transformer starting
V1
IL

xV1

xV1
I st xI sc

Rotor
Stator

Fig: Auto-transformer starting

Line current at input due to auto-transformer starting
=x
Line current at input due to stator reactor starting
Starting torque with auto transformer starting
2
=x
Starting torque with DOL starting
Starting torque with auto transformer starting
=1
Starting torque with stator reactor starting

3. Star-Delta starting
For star, 3 terminals of stator wdg are required.
For delta, 6 terminals are required.
Now make delta
Connection.
R Y B

Stator
2- Run - Delta
TPDT
1- Start - Star

Rotor

Fig.: Star-Delta starting

At starting TPDT to 1, wdg in star

Reduced voltage is applied to wdg = VL/3
Motor rotates.
The starting current is
Now TPDT to 2- Delta
Ist.y VL / 3z1
Line voltage applied
R Y B
I L.y Starting
to wdg. Motor runs at rated speed
Line current
Stator
2- Run - Delta
TPDT
1- Start - Star

Rotor

Fig.: Star-Delta starting

At starting TPDT to 1, wdg in star

Reduced voltage is applied to wdg = VL/3
Motor rotates.
The starting current is
Now TPDT to 2- Delta
Ist.y VL / 3z1
Line voltage applied
R Y B
I L.y Starting
to wdg Motor runs at rated speed
Line current
Stator
2- Run - Delta
TPDT
1- Start - Star

Rotor

Fig.: Star-Delta starting

At starting TPDT to 1, wdg in star

Reduced voltage is applied to wdg = VL/3
Motor rotates.
The starting current is
Now TPDT to 2- Delta
Ist.y VL / 3z1
Line voltage applied
I L.y Starting
to wdg Motor runs at rated speed
Line current
At starting, if, wdg in delta
The starting current is
I st.d VL / z1 I sc.d
IL.d 3 Ist.d
1
I st.y
I st.d
3

Ist.y
Starting line current with Y- starter
=
Starting line current with stator in 3 Ist.d

Thus Ist.y in star is one third of that current in delta.

1
3

(V1/3)2
Starting torque with Y- starting
=
=
2
Starting torque with stator in
V1

This shows that Tst.y in star is one third of starting torque

in delta.

In case of auto-transformer, if turn ratio x = 1/3

Then starting line current and is starting torque are
reduced to one third of their values with delta.

This shows that

Star delta starting is equivalent to auto transformer
if auto transformer turn ratio x=1/3=0.58 or 58% tapping

This method is cheap, effective and used extensively

Used for tool drives, pumps, motor-generator set.
Used up to rating of 3.3kV,
After this voltage, m/c becomes expensive for delta winding

Example
Determine the % tapping of the auto-transformer so
that the supply current during starting of IM does not
exceed 1.5 times full load current. The short circuit current
on normal voltage is 4.5 times the full load current and the
full load slip is 3%. Calculate the ratio of starting torque
full load torque.

Solution

V1

IL=1.5IFL
Isc=4.5IFL
IL/Isc=0.333

IL

xV1

xV1

In auto-transformer

I st xI sc

IL/Isc=x2

Hence % tapping is 57%

Rotor
Stator
x=0.577

Test

Now

Tefl

I1st

I1fl

2 I sc
sfl x
I

fl

0.333 4.5

sfl

2 0.03

0.202

V1
IL

xV1

xV1
I st xI sc

Rotor
Stator

Example
The short circuit line current of a 6hp IM is 3.5 times
its full load current, the stator of which is arranged for star
delta starting. The supply voltage is 400V, full load effn is
82% and full load power factor is 0.85% (lag).
Calculate the line current at the instant of starting.
Neglect magnetizing current.

Solution
6hp IM,
Isc=3.5IFL
Star-delta starting
Isc (line) =3.5 IFL
Voltage =400V
FL=82%, pf=0.85 (lag)

P=3 VLILcos

1
6 746

IFL= I L
0.82 3 400 0.85

=9.26A (line current for

delta)
=5.34A (phase current
for delta)

Isc=3.5IFL=3.5x5.34

=18.73A
At the instant of starting, motor wdg is in star
For star, line current is equal to phase current.

IL at the instant of start =18.73A for delta (400V)

IL at the instant of start =18.73/3 A for star (400/3)
=10.81A

Starting of SRIM
All the methods used for SCIM can also be used
for SRIM
But the justification of name SR is done if this motor is

started by external rotor resistance.

This is the simplest and cheapest method
It increases starting torque
It decreases starting current
It is possible to produce starting torque = maximum torque
It improves starting power factor.
Rotor
in Delta
Rotor
in Star
Stator

Starting of SRIM

Rotor wdg is connected to slip ring, which is

connected to external resistance through brushes.
At starting, entire external resistance is connected to rotor

winding. As the motor accelerates, resistance is cut out in

steps so that torque remains maximum during acceleration.
At operating point, this resistance is fully cut off and
and slip rings are shorted.

Rotor
in Star
Stator

Rotor
in Delta

Calculation of starter resistance steps

R1
R1

R3

R2
R2

n-1

R3

n
Rn-1

Rn-1

Rn

n+1
Rn

r2
Rotor

n- section starter or n- step starter or

n+1 stud starter
Consider one phase with rotor resistance r2
Let R1, R2, R3, Rn be step resistances

Let 1, 2, 3, n, n+1 be studs of starter

Let R1, R2, R3, Rn be total resistances of respective studs
R1= R1+ R2+ R3 ++ Rn+ r2

R2= R2+ R3+ R4 ++ Rn+ r2

R3= R3+ R4++ Rn+ r2

Rn+1= r2

Rn= Rn+ r2

Calculation of starter resistance steps

R1
R1

R3

R2
R2

n-1

R3

n
Rn-1

Rn-1

Rn

n+1
Rn

r2
Rotor

Some assumptions are made

1. No load current is neglected
2. During start up, load torque remains constant
3. Input current fluctuates between I1max and I1min.

I1max
I1min

Calculation of starter resistance steps

OFF
1
R1
R1

R3

R2
R2

n-1

R3

n
Rn-1

Rn-1

Rn

n+1
Rn

r2
Rotor

When supply is given, handle is at stud 1

-Off- total rotor resistance is R1
The input current shoots up to I1max
I1max

I1max s1

ON

V1
2

R1'
RTH
x2 XTH 2
s1

parameters are referred to stator

Speed increases

I1min

OFF
1
R1
R1

I1min

n-1

R3

R2
R2

R3

n
Rn-1

Rn-1

Rn

n+1
Rn

Rotor

I1max

V1
2

R1'
RTH
x2 XTH 2
s1

parameters are referred to stator

I1min

r2

V1

2
When supply is given,
R1' handle is at2 stud 1
RTH
x2 XTH
-Off- total rotor
resistance
is R1
s2

N
The input current shoots up to I1max

I1max s1 s2

ON

Speed increases
Current decreases to I1min
Slip decreases to s2

OFF
1
R1
R1

R3

R2
R2

n-1

R3

n
Rn-1

Rn-1

Rn

ON

n+1
Rn

r2
Rotor

Handle moves from stud 1 to stud 2

Resistance decreases, current increases to I1max
with same speed and slip=s2
V
I1max

I1max s1 s2
I1min

R1
cut

R2'
RTH
x2 XTH
s2

Now speed increases

OFF
1
R1
R1

R3

R2
R2

n-1

R3

n
Rn-1

Rn-1

Rn

n+1
Rn

ON

r2
Rotor

V1
I

Handle1minmoves from stud

1 to stud 2
2

R'
Resistance decreases,
to I1max
RTH 2 current
x2 XTHincreases
2
s3

with
same
speed
and
slip=s2
N
V1
I1max
2

R'
RTH 2 x2 XTH 2
t
s2

I1max s1 s2 s3
I1min

Now speed increases

Current decreases to I1min

R1
cut

Slip decreases to s3

OFF
1
R1
R1

R3

R2
R2

n-1

R3

n
Rn-1

Rn-1

Rn

ON

n+1
Rn

r2
Rotor

Handle moves from stud 2 to stud 3

Resistance decreases, current increases to I1max

V1
with same speed and slip=s3
I

1max

I1max s1 s2 s3
I1min

R1 R2
cut cut

R3'
RTH
x2 XTH
s3

Now speed increases

OFF
1
R1
R1

n-1

R3

R2
R2

I1min

R3

n
Rn-1

Rn-1

Rn

ON

n+1
Rn

r2

V1

Rotor

R3'
2

X
Handle moves
THfrom
stud 22 toTHstud 3
s
4

Resistance decreases, current increases to I1max

N
with same speed and slip=s3

I1max

I1max s1 s2 s3 s4
I1min

V1
2

R3'
RTH
x2 XTH
s3

Now speed increases

Current decreases to I1min

R1 R2
cut cut

Slip decreases to s4

OFF
1
R1
R1

n-1

R3

R2
R2

R3

n
Rn-1

Rn-1

Rn

ON

n+1
Rn

r2
Rotor

Handle moves from stud 3 to stud 4

Resistance decreases, current increases to I1max

V1
with same speed and slip=s4
I

1max

I1max s1 s2 s3 s4
I1min

R1 R2 R3
cut cut cut

R4'
RTH
x2 XTH
s4

Thus I1max & I1min

are obtained

OFF
1
R1
R1

n-1

R3

R2
R2

n
Rn-1

Rn-1

R3

n+1

Rn

Rn

r2
Rotor

From all I1max equations, we can write

r
R ' R ' r
R1 ' R2 ' R3 '

....... n n 1 2 2
sn 1 s m s fl
s1
s2
s3
sn

sm=sfl if I1max=Ifl
From equ n 1, R1 '

ON

(1)

Entire resistance is cut off.

s1
r
r2 2
sm
sm

(2)

From all I1min equations, we can write

R ' R '
R1 ' R2 ' R3 '
....... n n

s4
sn 1 s m
s2 s3

(3)

OFF
1
R1
R1

n-1

R3

R2
R2

R3

n
Rn-1

Rn-1

ON

n+1

Rn

Rn

r2
Rotor

Equn 1/3 gives

s
s
s
s
s2
3 4 ....... n 1 m
s1
s2 s3
sn
sn

(4)

r2
R2 ' R3 ' Rn 1 '

, (assume) (5)

Rn '
R1 ' R2' Rn '
R2 ' R1 '
R3 ' R2 ' 2 R1 '

Rn 1 ' n R1 '

r2 n R1 '

From equn 2,
s m
n

or
(6)

r2

sm 1/ n

r2
sm

(7)

OFF
1
R1
R1

n-1

R3

R2
R2

R3

n
Rn-1

Rn-1

Rn

n+1
Rn

Resistances of the sections are

R1 = R1 R2 = R1 (1 )
R2 = R2 R3= R2 (1 ) = R1 (1 ) = R1
R3 = R3 R4 = 2 R1
Rn = n-1 R1

If I1max =Ifl, sm=sfl

But if I1max is different from Ifl

then, sm should be calculated accordingly.

ON

r2
Rotor

OFF
1
R1
R1

R3

R2
R2

n-1

R3

n
Rn-1

Rn-1

Rn

n+1
Rn

ON

r2
Rotor

Steps for the design of starter

1. Calculate sm
2. Calculate
r2
3. Calculate R1

sm

5. Calculate R2 = R1

R1 is referred to stator
In order to calculate actual
value of rotor resistance

6. Calculate Rn = n-1 R1

transfer R1 to rotor

4. Calculate R1 = R1(1-)

Example

Design a 5-sections of a 6-studs starter for a 3-ph slip ring

IM. The full load slip is 2% and the max starting current
is limited to twice the full load current. Rotor resistance per

phase is 0.03. (assume no of turns equal)

Solution

Full load current I1FL

For small slip, r2/s >> RTH

V1
2

RTH 2 x2 XTH
s

V1

s
1FL
and X
r2

Now starting current I1max is TWICE the full load current

I1max

V1
sm
r2

2 I1FL

V1
sm
r2

V1
V
(0.02) 1 sm
r2
r2

1/n
Here no of sections are 5 (sm ) = 0.525

sm 0.04

R1=r2/sm = 0.75

OFF
1 0.356 2 0.187 3

R1
R1

R2
R2

0.098

R3
R3

ON

4 0.052 5 0.027 6
R4

Rn-1

Rn

R5

r2

0.03

Rotor

The resistance of various elements are

R1 = R1(1-) = 0.075(1-0.525) = 0.356

R2 = R1 = 0.525x0.356= 0.187
R3 = 2R1 = R2 = 0.525x0.187= 0.098

R4 =3R1 = R3 = 0.525x0.098= 0.052

R5 =4R1 = R4 = 0.525x0.052= 0.027
r2 = 0.03
Total resistance R1 =0.075

Speed control of IM
In industrial application, for wide speed range
and for smooth speed control, DC motors are preferred
But it is required to convert AC to DC.
The capital cost of DC motor is higher than AC motor.
Due to this reasons, preference is given to IM.
IM is 1. Cheaper 2. Robust in construction

3. More economical to operate and maintain.

The disadvantages are 1. Restricted small range of speed.
2. Low operating pf.

The operating speed of IM is given by nr=ns(1-s)

Thus speed can be controlled by
varying syn speed ns =2f/p
which can be controlled by 1. Pole changing 2. freq changing

Thus speed can also be controlled by

changing Slip
which can be controlled by
3. Varying line voltage

4. Varying rotor circuit resistance

5. Slip Power Control
a) Cascading of Induction Motors
b) Rotor Voltage Injection
Methods 1, 2 and 3 are carried out from stator side.
Methods 4 and 5 are carried out from rotor side.
Methods 1, 2 and 3 are applicable to SCIM and SRIM
Methods 4 and 5 are applicable only to SRIM

1. Pole changing method

Speed is inversely proportional to no of poles.

Since no of poles can be changed only by even
numbers, the speed control is not continuous but a stepped
one.
However, this is very economical method and motor can
operate on quite hard characteristics.
The no of poles can be changed by three methods.

1. Use of Multiple Stator Winding

Stator has separate windings with different no of poles.
This is not suitable for wide range of speed control

Winding having less no of poles is used for high speed and

having more no of poles is used for low speed.
TPDT is used for changeover. The unused winding is kept

open to avoid circulating current and heating.

2. Use of Consequent Pole Technique

No multiple stator wdg but wdg is re-connected
to produce different no of poles for different

speed.
This method is suitable for SCIM since rotor wdg adjust
automatically.
For WRIM, rotor wdg must be designed for same no of poles.
Consider 4 coils of one phase

Up=oUt of the plane-coming toward U=DOT

dowN=iN the plane-going away from you=CROSS


Upward
flux
1
S
N

Downward
flux
2
S
N

a
b
c
d
If b is connected to c
a

3
S

8 poles

OR

c
d
Series connection, 8 poles, low speed

Parallel,
8 poles,
low speed

a
b
c
d

Now connect b to d

2
N

a
b
c
d

Now connect b to d

3
S

N
4 poles

a
b
c
d

2
N

3
S

4 poles

Conclusions
In wdg if current flows from a to b and from c to d,
8 poles ( Low speed) are produced
In wdg if current flows from a to b and from d to c,
4 poles ( High speed) are produced

Connection of three phases can be in delta or star

c b

b
B

R
Y

Series Delta, 8 poles, Low speed

B
c

d b
R

=
a

b
B

Series Delta, 4 poles, High speed

For parallel delta,

voltage of wdg
increases

b
c

Series Star, 8 poles, Low speed

b
d
c

Series Star, 4 poles, High speed

Y

R
a

c
d

R
d

Parallel Star, 8 poles, Low speed

a
Parallel Star, 4 poles, High speed

3. Pole Amplitude Modulation Technique

Poles are changed by modulation technique.
This is an elegant and flexible method of
pole changing
Consider sinusoidally distributed MMF waves produced by
balanced 3-ph wdg.
P
FR F sin ,
2

2
P

F
sin

FY
3
2

2
P

F
sin

FB
2
3

where P is no of poles and is the mech angle

Let these MMF waves be modulated by another sinusoidal
modulating MMF waves.
2
PM
PM

F
sin

F
sin

FMR M 2 FMY M 2
3

2
PM

F
sin

,
, FMB M
3
2

Modulated means product of these two waves

Therefore, modulated MMF waves are given by

 PM
P
FR = FR x RMR F sin FM sin
2
2

1
P - PM
P PM
FFM cos
cos

2
2

2
2
PM
P

F
sin

F
sin

FY = FY x RMY
M
3
3
2
2

1
4
P - PM
P PM
FFM cos
cos
2
3
2

1
2
P - PM
P PM
FFM cos
cos
2
3
2

FB = FB x RMB

Consider first term

These are co-phasal in space, hence net MMF is zero.
The second term will produce rotating magnetic field in
opposite direction depending on no of poles P+PM.

Again if the modulating MMFs are

PM

F
sin
FMR M , F FM sin PM 2 ,
MY
2
3
2
2
PM

F
sin

,
FMB M
3
2

Then, modulated MMF waves are given by

1

P-P

P PM

M
cos
FR FFM cos
2
2

FY

1
2
P - PM
P PM
FFM cos

cos
2
3
2
2

1
2
P - PM
P PM

cos
FB FFM cos
2
3
2
2

The second terms are co-phasal in space, hence net MMF is

zero.
The first term will produce rotating magnetic field in

direction of rotation, depending on no of poles P-PM.

Thus four speeds are possible

1. Speed depending on no of poles P
2. Speed depending on no of poles PM
3. Speed depending on no of poles P+PM
4. Speed depending on no of poles P-PM

2. Variation of supply frequency

Speed is directly proportional to frequency (2f/p)

Therefore, smooth stepless speed control can be
possible by smooth variation of frequency.
The voltage equation is V=4.44fmTphkw
If f is changed, for constant voltage, flux will change.

So, characteristic will change.

In order to retain high hardness ch, flux should be
maintained constant
The resultant air gap flux is m

1
4.44TphKw

V

f

Thus in order to avoid saturation, V/f is maintained constant.

The variable frequency can be obtained by

1. Rotating frequency changer

2. Adjustable frequency generator
3. Solid state static frequency changer
a). Cycloconverter (output freq less
than input freq)
b). Rectifier-Inverter (V/f control)
(used)
Torque-slip characteristics
V f, Reactance f, speed f
r

2
1. Slip at max torque, smt
RTH jXTH jx 2

2
2

s
Neglecting stator impedance, mt x
2 f L2
2

Thus slip at max torque is inversely proportional to freq.

2. The starting torque

2

Test
Neglect RTH+r2

VTH
3

r2 Nm
2
2
s RTH r2 XTH x2
2

VTH
3
Test

r2
2
2 ns XTH x2
VTH 2
3 P

r2
Test
2
2
2 2f 2 f LTH l2
K

1
f3

Thus Test is inversely proportional to f3, if V is constant.

The Test is inversely proportional to f, if V/f is constant.

3. The maximum torque

VTH 2
3
Tem
2
2
s 2 R

X
TH
TH

Neglect RTH

VTH 2
3
Tem

2 ns 2 XTH x2

Tem

VTH 2
3 P

2 2f 2 2 f LTH l2

1
f2

Thus Tem is inversely proportional to f2, if V is constant.

The Tem is unchanged, if V/f is constant.

The torque-slip characteristics

Consider freq is decreased with constant voltage
1. smt is inversely proportional to freq.
2. Test is inversely to f3, if V is constant.

3. Tem is inversely to f2, if V is constant.

Te

Tem
f1

Test
0
1

f2
f
3
f4
Speed
Slip
smt2smt1

Ns
0

f4< f3< f2< f1

The torque-slip characteristics

If V/f is constant
1. smt is inversely proportional to freq.
2. Test is inversely to f.

3. Tem is independent of f.

Te
f1

f2
f
3
f4
0
1

Speed
Slip
smt2smt1

Ns
0

f4< f3< f2< f1

The torque-slip characteristics

If V/f is constant
1. smt is inversely proportional to freq.
2. Test is inversely to f.

3. Tem is independent of f.

But at lower freq

reactance is much
less than RTH.

Te
f1

f2
f
3
f4
0
1

Speed
Slip
smt2smt1

Ns
0

So Tem decreases
f4< f3< f2< f1
It is desirable to
increase voltage at
lower frequency
to maintain Tem
constant.

Example

A 3-ph, star connected,400V, 50Hz, 4 pole induction motor

has the following constants in ohms per phase.
r1 = 0.8, r2 = 0.3, x1=x2=2.0, Xm=48.0.
If the motor is operated at a reduced voltage and reduced
frequency of 200V, 25Hz; compute
a) Current and pf at the instant of starting and under max

torque conditions; compare the results with normal values.

b) Starting and max (pull out) torques and compare with
normal values.
Under normal operation and at rated load, the motor has a
slip of 0.03. Find the value of slip if the motor is now
operated at half the voltage and half the frequency at the
original load.

Solution

3-ph, star connected, IM

V1=400V, f1=50Hz, p=4, s=0.03
r1 = 0.8, r2 = 0.3, x1=x2=2.0, Xm=48.0.

V2= 200V, f1=25Hz

0.8

I1

Apply Thevenins theorem

j2.0

j2.0

at the point a and b

a
V1= 400/3

ZTH = RTH+jXTH

0.3/s

j48.0

r1 jx 1 jX m

j x1 X m

RTH = 0.768
XTH = 1.92

b
VTH

V1 Xm 400/ 3 48

222V
x1 Xm
50

j2.0

0.768 I j1.92
1

0.3/s

VTH=222V

n for normal and

d for reduced values.

a) Starting Current
I st n

I st d

222
2

0.3

2
0.768

1.92 2
1

222/2
2

0.3 3.92

0.768

1 2

54.7A

49.7A

Starting Current
is reduced

Starting pf
r2
1.068
cos st n
Z2
1.068 2 3.92 2

cos st d

1.068
2

3.92
1.068

2
2

0.768 I j1.92
0.263 1

0.478
V =222V
TH

Starting pf
0.3/s
is improved

Slip for max torque

0.3

smt.n

smt.n

0.768 2 3.92 2

4.00

0.3
0.075
4

Starting current for max torque at rated V & f.

I mt n

222
2

0.3

0.768

3.92

0.075

35.9A

j2.0

Slip for max torque at reduced voltage and frequency

2

0.3

smt.d

smt.d

3.92
2
0.768
2.105
2

0.3
0.1427
2.105

Starting current for max torque at reduced V & f

I mt d

222/2
2

0.3 3.92

0.768

0.1427 2

31.9A

pf for max torque at rated V & f

4.768
cos mt n
0.772
6.18
pf for max torque at reduced V & f

cos mt d

0.826

b) Starting torque
Test.n
Test.d

3
r
3
54.7
I st.n 2 2
50
s
s

3
49.7

25

2 0.3
1

17.16

Starting torque
is increased

0.3
28.32
1

Maximum torque

3
35.9 2 4 98.6Nm
50
3
31.9 2 2.105 81.8Nm

25

Tem.n
Tem.d

81.8Nm

Te
28.32Nm
17.16Nm

0
1

Max torque
is reduced
98.6Nm
50Hz

25Hz
Speed
Slip

Ns

Torque at full load with slip of 3%

3
222 2
0.3
T

eFL.n

TeFL.d

2
50
0.03
0.3
2

0.768

3.92

0.03

2
222/2
3
0.3

2
2
25
0.3 3.92 s


0.768
s
2

For same load torque

TeFL.n
TeFL.d

2
2

0.3 3.92
0.768


2
s
2

s
25 222
1

2
50 111
0.03
0.3
2

0.768

3.92

0.03

s 0.3415s 0.0203 0
2

s 0.0757

and s 0.265

For stable operation,

s=0.0757

Te

28.32Nm
17.16Nm

s=0.03

0
1

81.8Nm

98.6Nm

25Hz
Speed
Slip

Ns

3. Variation of Line
Voltage
2

m
Te
s

VTH
2

r2
2
XTH x2
s

RTH

The Te is directly to square of line voltage

r2
Nm
s

The voltage can be controlled by

1. Rheostats

2. Reactors
3. Auto-transformer
4. Thyristors in series with wdg.

V1

Te

V1/2
0
1

Speed
Slip

TL

Ns
0

N2
N1

4. Variation of Rotor Resistance

Applicable to WRIM or SRIM

Under normal operating condition,

Te KTH

s
r2

Te
or s
r2
KTH

For constant torque, slip is directly proportional to r2.

If r2 is increased, slip increases, speed decreases and
vice-versa
The circuit diagram is
Rotor
in Star
Stator

Rotor
in Delta

The slip at max torque is

and max torque is

Tem

smt

r2
RTH 2 X 2

KTH
2 RTH RTH 2 X 2

Slip at max torque is directly proportional to r2

but max torque is unaffected by variation of r2.

Te

r2 r2 r2 r2
TL
0
1

Ns
Speed
Slip N4 0
N1
N2
smt1
smt2
N3

r2 > r2 > r2 > r2

Thus rotor speed

decreases with
increase in r2

Advantages:
1. Simple 2. It is possible to obtain max Test.
3. Low starting current
Disadvantages
1. Speed below syn speed can only be obtained
2. Reduced effn at low speed due to more rotor ohmic loss
3. Poor speed regulation
With negligible r1, the slip at max torque is
This can be written as

smt

R2
,
X

smt

r2
X

R2=r2+ additional resistance

The value of smt can be obtained from

Te
2

,
s
s
Temt
mt
smt
s

R2 X smt

Under normal operating condition, for load TL1, TL1 KTH

For load TL2, TL2 KTH

s2
R2

TL1 s1 R2

TL2 s2 r2

s2
R2 r2
s1

s1
r2
TL1

TL2

5. Slip Power Control

Due to addition of rotor circuit resistance

there is power loss.
Without power loss, slip power is utilized by suitable slip
power converter to control the speed.
a) Cascade connection of IM
Sometimes called as tandem control
Not used now-a-days
Only historical importance
f1
MIM
1
SRIM

f2=s1f1
AIM
2
SCIM or SRIM

5. Slip Power Control

Due to addition of rotor circuit resistance

there is power loss.
Without power loss, slip power is utilized by suitable slip
power converter to control the speed.
a) Cascade connection of IM
Sometimes called as tandem control
Not used now-a-days
Only historical importance
f1
MIM
1
SRIM

f2=s1f1

AIM
2
SRIM

Two IMs are required for cascade connection

They are coupled electrically and mechanically.
The Main IM (MIM) should be SRIM type.
The Auxiliary IM (AIM) may be of SRIM or SCIM type.

The slip power of MIM is given to AIM to stator or to rotor.

Let P1, P2 and s1, s2 be the no of poles and slips of MIM and
AIM respectively,
For main motor Ns1 120f1
and its speed Nr1 120f1 (1 s1 )
For AIM

Ns2

120f2
P2

P1

and its speed

s2 is very small, can be neglected

Nr1
Nr2

120f1
(1 s1)
P1

120f2
P2

120f1
(1 s1)
P1

120s 1f1
P2

(1 s1) P2
1
s1
P1

P1

Nr2

120f2
(1 s2 )
P2

or s1

P2

P2 P1

The actual speed is

Nr

120f1
P
(1 2 )
P1
P1 P2
120f1
P1 P2

Speed is dependent on P1+P2.

If two torques are in same direction, then the scheme is

called as cumulatively cascaded
If AIM terminals are interchanged, then it is called as
differentially cascaded arrangement and its speed is
120f2
(1 s2 )
P2
P
s1 2
P2 P1
Nr2

The actual speed is

Nr

120s 1f1
120f1
(1 s2 )
(1 s1 )
P2
P1

120f1
120f1
(1 s1 )
P1 P2
P1

This is possible only when P1 P2

b) Rotor Voltage Injection or

Injection of slip frequency emf in rotor circuit
The air gap power is Pg=sPg+(1-s)Pg
sPg is rotor ohmic loss, wasted power, can be used for

speed control. This power can be added to the shaft or

returned to the supply.
Due to this injected voltage, motor becomes DOUBLY

excited IM. This can be used for speed and pf control.

If this injected voltage, is opposite to rotor emf, speed
decreases and motor runs at sub-synchronous speed
If this injected voltage, is additive to rotor emf, speed
increases and motor runs at super-synchronous speed
The various methods for injecting slip freq emf are

1) Lablank Exciter
stator
Arm
wdg
stator

Stator Ring
Arm wdg

Rotory Frequency Converter (FC)

Coupled to the rotor of IM
DC arm with commutator, brushes on one end and
slip rings on the other end
Voltage
regulating
device

f
MIM

FC

1) Lablank Exciter
stator
Arm
wdg
stator

Stator Ring
Arm wdg

Slip rings of MIM are connected to brushes of FC

Slip rings of FC are connected to voltage regulating device
or transformer and then to supply
RYB
RYB

Voltage
regulating
device

f
MIM

FC

1) Lablank Exciter
stator
Arm
wdg
stator

Stator Ring
Arm wdg

MIM and FC are having equal no of poles Same speed

If rotor of FC rotates in opposite direction, then field speed
Ns-Nr= Ns-Ns(1-s)=sNs
Brush frequency of FC, fb= sNsP/2= sf
RYB
RYB

Voltage
regulating
device

f
MIM

FC

1) Lablank Exciter
Thus at any speed, fb is equal to slip freq
and suitable for injection into rotor circuit if IM
If brush voltage is less than IM slip voltage, current flows

from rotor of IM to brushes of FC to slip rings and supply

Motor runs at Sub-Synchronous speed
If brush voltage is more than IM slip voltage, current flows
Supply- VRD- slip rings of FC -brushes of FC -rotor of IM
Motor runs at Super-Synchronous speed
RYB
Power is
changing
Constant
Torque
Drive

RYB

Voltage
regulating
device

f
MIM

FC

1) Lablank Exciter
Constant Power Drive
RYB

RYB

f
MIM

Syn
Nr=Ns(1-s) M/c

MIM Syn m/c

freq=f(1-s)
=equal no of poles
On one shaft
FC
=same speed, Nr
Speed of FC =Ns, due to Syn motor

Syn
Motor

Speed of rotating magnetic field of FC =2f(1-s)/P=Ns(1-s)

If Nr & Ns are in opposite direction, Ns-Ns(1-s)=sNs
Freq of emf across brushes of FC =sf
Suitable for injection into rotor ckt of MIM

1) Lablank Exciter
Constant Power Drive
RYB

RYB

f
MIM

Syn
Nr=Ns(1-s) M/c

This emf can be varied by

freq=f(1-s)
excitation and brush angle
Syn
If this emf is more than
FC
Motor
slip voltage
Power flows from FC-Rotor of MIM-Shaft-Syn m/c (g)- FC
MIM operates at Super-Synchronous speed
If brush emf is less than slip voltage
Power flows from Rotor of MIM- FC-Syn m/c (m)-Shaft- rotor of MIM

MIM operates at Sub-Synchronous speed

1) Lablank Exciter
Constant Power Drive
RYB

RYB

f
MIM

Syn
Nr=Ns(1-s) M/c
freq=f(1-s)

FC
Power is taken and fed to same shaft
Therefore, constant power drive

Syn
Motor

2) Kramer System
RYB

Voltage
regulating
device

f
MIM

ACM

If brush emf is more than slip voltage

Power flows from ACM-Rotor of MIM.
MIM operates at Super-Synchronous speed
If brush emf is less than slip voltage
Power flows from Rotor of MIM- ACM.
MIM operates at Sub-Synchronous speed
Since power is flowing from one machine to another with one

shaft, it is constant power drive.

3) Scherbius System
RYB

RYB

f
MIM

Voltage
regulating
device

ACM

AIM

At Super-Synchronous speed, power flows from supply-AIM

(Motor) - ACM -rotor of MIM.
At Sub-Synchronous speed, power flows from rotor of MIM
- ACM AIM (Gen) - supply.

Power changes

Constant torque drive

RYB

4) Static Slip Power Recovery Scheme

(Rectifier Inverter Scheme)
Constant torque drive

Transformer
Inductor

Phase
Shifter

MIM
Bridge A

Bridge B

Lablank, Kramer,and Scherbius methods require Auxi M/c.

Here static, thyristerized ckts, two bridges A & B are used
If rotor emf is more than bridge A voltage, then power flows
from Rotor Bridge A Bridge B Transformer - Supply

RYB

4) Static Slip Power Recovery Scheme

(Rectifier Inverter Scheme)
Constant torque drive

Transformer
Inductor

Phase
Shifter

MIM
Bridge A

Bridge B

IM runs at sub-synchronous speed.

Bridges A acts as a rectifier, Bridge B acts as a Inverter
If rotor emf is less than bridge A voltage, then power flows
from Supply Transformer Bridge B Bridge A - Rotor

RYB

4) Static Slip Power Recovery Scheme

(Rectifier Inverter Scheme)
Constant torque drive

Transformer
Inductor

Phase
Shifter

MIM
Bridge A

Bridge B

IM runs at super-synchronous speed.

Bridges B acts as a rectifier, Bridge A acts as a Inverter
The phase shifter is used to control the phase of the
injected emf.

Electrical Braking of IM

In modern electrical drives, it is frequently

necessary
to stop the motor quickly in an exact position
to decelarate the motor
to reverse the direction of rotation of motor
The quality of the product and the productivity of an unit
are often dependent on braking
Types of braking: 1. Electrical, 2. Mechanical
In electrical braking, electrical torque is opposite to the
direction of rotation of rotor.
Types of electrical braking:
1. Regenerative braking
2. Counter-Current braking or Plugging

3. DC Dynamic or Rheostatic or AC Dynamic Braking

1. Regenerative braking
Regenerative = returning useful energy back to
Ns N N N N N
lines
This braking takes place the load forces to run the motor
above syn speed. For example, cranes or hoists
Slip becomes negative and IM operates as IG.
If regenerative braking is
Te
8 poles 4 poles
applied at A
Poles are changed from 4 to 8
A shifts to B
A
TL
D
Slip = (OC-OB)/OC = -ve
N
0 Speed
s
B shifts to C
1 Slip
0
C
C shifts to D
B
From B to D, regenerative
braking and IG operation

1. Regenerative braking
Suitable for SCIM
It is not required to change no of poles of rotor
B

TL
A

Te

8 poles 4 poles

0 Speed
1 Slip
C

TL

D
A
Ns
0

-Te

+Te

Two quadrant operation

2. Plugging:
NN
NNNNNNNN
sN
sN
or Counter-Current braking
Any two leads are interchanged. The direction of rotating
magnetic field gets reversed. The Te gets reversed.
This is a braking torque which stops motor quickly.
At C supply should be disconnected to stop the motor.
Pt A to B
otherwise motor starts in
Te Motoring
reverse direction

Againg if E
plugging is
-Ns
done
2
D to E
E to F

Braking

TL

and F to A

Motoring

B to C

F
0 Speed
1 Slip
C

Braking

C to D

TL
T1

Ns

Tb=TL+T1

Te-Slip Ch for SCIM during Plugging

2. Plugging:
or Counter-Current braking
Before plugging, s = (Ns-Nr)/Ns = 1-(Nr/Ns)
(Nr/Ns) = 1-s

After plugging, s = (Ns+Nr)/Ns = 1+(Nr/Ns) = 1+1-s = 2-s

otherwise motor starts in
reverse direction
Againg if E
plugging is
-Ns
done
2
D to E
E to F

Braking

TL

and F to A

Motoring

Pt A to B

Te Motoring
F
0 Speed
1 Slip
C

B to C

Braking

C to D

TL
T1

Ns

Tb=TL+T1

Te-Slip Ch for SCIM during Plugging

Te-Slip Ch for SRIM during Plugging

During plugging slip increases
Slip emf increases. Current increases
To limit this current, extra R2 can be inserted in rotor ckt.
This R2 increases Backward Torque T1.
Pt A to B

B to C
To stop
motor, at C
Disconnect
supply

Again if plugging is done at

F and R2 is inserted, then Pt F moves to G
G to H
Te Motoring
To stop
J
H
G
motor, at H
Braking
Disconnect
TL I
supply
-N
H to I

R2 is
cut

I to J
and J to A

2
F

D
TL

E
Motoring

0 Speed
1 Slip
C

Braking

T1
T1

C to D

Ns

0 Tb=TL+T1
B

At D, R2
is cut
Pt D to E
E to F

Disadvantages of Plugging
1. Due to more current, there is more power loss
It is required to limit stator current.
2. To stop the IM, it is required to disconnect
the motor from supply.
otherwise IM will rotate in opposite direction.

To stop
G
motor, at H
Disconnect
supply
-N
H to I

R2 is
cut

I to J
and J to A

2
F

Braking
D
TL

E
Motoring

To stop
motor, at C
Disconnect
supply

Te Motoring
J
H
0 Speed
1 Slip
C

TL I

Braking

T1
T1

C to D

Ns

0 Tb=TL+T1
B

At D, R2
is cut
Pt D to E
E to F

3. DC Dynamic Braking
or Rheostatic or AC Dynamic Braking
The disadvantages of plugging are removed in dynamic
braking.
Dynamic braking requires less power.
Under normal operating condition
Stator - Rotating Magnetic Field - Ns

Faster sNs

Rotor - Te -

Slower

Rotates - Nr

If DC supply is given to stator

Stator - Stationary Magnetic Field -Ns =0

Slower

Rotor - Teb
Rotates - Nr
Faster Ns(1-s)=
NsS
This Teb is dynamic braking torque.
Teb depends on 1. DC source. 2. Rotor resistance 3. Speed

Ns=0

Nr

Give DC supply to stator

Ns N N

Consider rotor is running at syn speed Ns

Stator is excited by DC
The relative speed between stator field and
rotor is Ns.

Slip = (Relative speed Ns)/Ns = 1

This is equivalent to IM with a rotor at STANDSTILL
Now consider, rotor is at rest and stator is excited by DC
Stationary flux induces no rotor emf
This is equivalent to IM with a rotor RUNNING at Syn speed
Conclusions
1. Rotor at syn speed with DC dynamic braking is similar to
rotor at rest during IM operation
2. Rotor at rest with DC dynamic braking is similar to
rotor running at syn speed during IM operation

Circuit Diagram
DC

AC

R1
Stator

R1 is connected to limit
stator current
Additional rotor resistance

Rotor

is also connected to limit

the current and to obtain
braking characteristics

Circuit Diagram
AC

Rectifier
R1
Stator

Rotor

Transformer

Under normal operating condition

Rotor speed w r t stator field under DC dynamic
braking is Ns(1-s) = NsS
In the equivalent ckt diagram, replace s by S
In phasor diadram
jx2
I1
I2
also replace s by S
V1

I
VDC

jXm

r2/S

I1

I1

I0
x1 = 0, and no stator core loss

I2r2

SE2

I2 jI2Sx2

The dynamic braking torque is

Ted =
Te

3
r
I2 2 2
s
S

The T-s ch is similar to IM but with slip scale reversed

R2 < R2< R2
0 Speed
1 Slip

Ted

TL

A
Ns

0
r2
Ted
R2
R2
R2
increases with increase in rotor circuit resistance

Due to this it is also called as RHEOSTATIC braking

The entire power developed in rotor is dissipated in R2

MMF produced by 3-ph wdg due to AC

MMFAC = 3 ImN
2

MMF produced by single ph due to DC = IDC N

The resultant MMF produced due to DC

IDC N

60

IDC N
3IDC N

For equal MMF due to AC and DC

3
ImN 3IDC N
2
3
IDC
I1 N
2

MMFDC = 3IDC N

AC dynamic braking in nothing but SEIG operation

A bank of capacitors is connected across
three phases of stator wdg.
IG receives AC excitation from bank of capacitor
The generated electrical energy is
dissipated as heat in rotor circuit
AC
Due to high cost of capacitor, this
method is not used in practice.
C
Stator
Rotor

Advantages of
Dynamic Braking
1. Smooth stop

2. Less rotor ckt

loss
C
3. No tendency to
reverse
Disadvantage: Less quick than plugging

Example
A 400V, 50Hz, 4 pole, 3-ph star connected IM
has the following data:
Stator leakage impedance per phase = 0.5+j1.2
Standstill rotor leakage impedance per phase referred to
stator =0.3 + j1.0
Full load slip = 0.05
No load current is assumed negligible
a) Determine the initial braking torque soon after plugging
b) Determine the initial dynamic braking torque when DC
is fed to the two phases in series to produce the same air
gap flux
If an external resistance of 1.2 per phase and referred to
stator is inserted in the rotor circuit, find how the

magnitude of dynamic braking is effected.

Find the magnitude of DC excitation for both
the above cases of dynamic braking.
Solution:
Per phase voltage, V1=230.95V
Syn speed, s = 2Ns = 50 rad/sec
Since the no load current is negligible,
Rotor current, I2

3
Te
s

r1

V1 2

V1

r2

1
x1 x2
s

r2
2
x1 x2
s

r2
3

s
eFL
50

230.95 2
2

0.3
2
0.5

1.2 1
0.05

129.8Nm

0.3
0.05

a) For plugging, the slip, s = 2-s = 1.95

The torque under plugging
TePLUG

50

230.95 2

0.3
29.74Nm
1.95

0.3
2
0.5

1.2 1
1.95

Total Initial Braking Torque, TeFL TePLUG 29.74 129.8Nm

159.54Nm

b) For negligible no load current, the air gap flux is

proportional to E2. E V1 Z
2

Z 1 r1 jx 1 0.5 j1.2

Z1 Z2
r
0.3
Z2 2 jx2
j1.0 E2 204.72V
s
0.03

Rotor current under dynamic braking

I2

E2
2

r2
2
x2
S

204.72
2

0.3
2

1
0.95

195.28A

Here I1=I2, because no load current is negligible

The DC excitation current is

3
I2 247.81A
2
3
r2
3

I2 2
202.342 0.3 247.04Nm

s
S
50
0.95

IDC
Dynamic Braking Torque, TeDC

When external resistance is inserted in rotor circuit,

The rotor current, I2

204.72

0.3 1.2
2

1
0.95

Dynamic BrakingTorque,TeDC

109.47A

3
2 1.5

109.47
361.55Nm
50
0.95

Dynamic braking torque increases from 247.04Nm to

361.55Nm
The DC excitation current is
IDC

3
3
109.47 134.07A
I2
2
2

Example
A 3-ph, 50Hz, 8 pole, SCIM,
has the following data:
Standstill rotor leakage impedance per phase = 0.4+j2.0
Maximum torque = 150Nm
Full load output = 6kW at slip 0.05
If stator impedance, magnetizing current and rotational

losses are neglected, the compute

a) The initial Plugging torque.
b) The total initial plugging torque if motor is plugged at FL.

Crawling and Cogging

Even though supply is sinusoidal, due to saturation
and slotting effect, stator current consists of
1. Fundamental component
2. Third harmonic
3. Fifth harmonic
4. Seventh harmonic component and so on

Depending on type of connection, third harmonic component

can be made zero. The 3rd harmonics phasors are in phase.
Due to fundamental component, the syn speed is

2f1
Ns
P
Due to fifth harmonic component, the syn speed is 2f N
Ns5 1 s
(in opposite direction)
5P 5
Due to seventh harmonic component, the syn speed is
2f1 Ns
Ns7

(in same direction)

7P 7

MMF wave travels at speeds 1/k times the

fundamental speed if
K = 6m+1, in the same direction
= 6m-1, in opposite direction, where m=1,2,3...

Slip of rotor w r t 5th harmonic field is

5th harmonic field speed - rotor speed
s5
5th harmonic field speed
N
N
s Ns (1 s)
s Nr
5
5
Ns
Ns

5
5
1 5(1 s)

Frequency of rotor current

6 5s

f25 f1 s5 f1 (6 5s)

The Torque-slip ch is

Te

-Ns
2

0.2

0
1

0.14

Ns
0

For 5th harmonic, Ns/5=0.2, on negative speed

For 7th harmonic, Ns/7=0.14, on positive speed
Now draw resultant T-s ch, with harmonic torques

2Ns
-1

The Torque-slip ch is

Te

-Ns
2

0.2

0
1

0.14

Ns
0

For 5th harmonic, Ns/5=0.2, on negative speed

For 7th harmonic, Ns/7=0.14, on positive speed
Now draw resultant T-s ch, with harmonic torques

2Ns
-1

The Torque-slip ch is

Te
A
-Ns
2

0.2

0
1

0.14

TL
Ns
0

2Ns
-1

If 7th harmonic is pronounced under load condition, then

motor stable operating point is A, at very low speed and
near to synchronous speed of 7th harmonic.
This is called as CRAWLING, which resulted into
1. High stator current, 2. Noise, 3. Vibration

The order of harmonics produced by tooth are

2S1

1, by Stator
P
2S2

1, by Rotor
P
Consider S1=24 and S2=28,
so that for stator, 11 is backward and 13 is forward
so that for rotor, 13 is backward and 15 is forward

Torques produced by 13th harmonics are opposite in direction

If 13th harmonics, by stator and rotor, are pronounced,
then there is locking between stator and rotor.
This is called as COGGING.
2S1
2S2
1
1
P
P
S1 S2 P

2S2
2S1

1
1
P
P
S1 S2

Thus when S1=S2, S1-S2=P or S1 is an integral

multiple of S2, COGGING may occur.
In SRIM, starting torque is more due to insertion of

additional resistance in rotor circuit, so there is no

occurrence of cogging in this motor.
In SCIM, the cogging is avoided by
1. Proper selection of no of slots
2. Proper choice of coil span
3. Skewing

You, dont CRAWL, dont COGG, try to RUN at Syn Speed

If not at Syn speed, then RUN at a SPEED near to Syn Speed
ie at
Stable
Point

S
U

H
B