Basic medical Science

Divided into

1)ANATOMY-the science of the structure of living

organisms
2)HISTOLOGY-the structure of organ tissues, including
the composition of cells and their organization into
various body tissues.
3)PHYSIOLOGY-he study of the physical and chemical
processes involved in the functioning of organisms and
their parts
4)PHARMACOLOGY-the science that deals with the
origin, nature, chemistry, effects, and uses of drugs

Anatomical position a common visual reference

point
Person

stands erect with feet together and eyes

forward
Palms face anteriorly with the thumbs pointed away
from the body

Regional terms names of specific body areas

Axial region the main axis of the body
Appendicular region the limbs

Directional terminology

Refers to the body in anatomical position

Standardized terms of directions are paired terms

Orientation and Directional

Terms

Orientation and Directional

Terms

Orientation and Directional

Terms

Regional Terms

Regional Terms

Body Planes and Sections

Body Planes and Sections

Coronal (frontal) plane - Lies vertically
and divides body into anterior (front) and
posterior (back) parts
Sagittal plane lies vertically and divides
the body into left and right sides.

Median

(midsagittal) plane - Specific sagittal

plane that lies vertically in the midline

Transverse plane - runs horizontally and

divides body into superior (up) and
inferior (down) parts

Body Planes and Sections

Oblique section through the trunk

Figure 1.6

Body Cavities and Membranes

Dorsal body cavity

Cavity subdivided
into the cranial
cavity and the
vertebral cavity.
Cranial

cavity
houses the brain.
Vertebral cavity
runs through the
vertebral column
and encloses the
spinal cord

Body Cavities and Membranes

Ventral body cavity

subdivided into:
cavity
divided into three
parts

Thoracic

Two lateral parts

each containing a
lung surrounded by
a pleural cavity
Mediastinum
contains the heart
surrounded by the
pericardial sac

Body Cavities and Membranes

Ventral body cavity

Abdominopelvic

cavity divided
into two parts
Abdominal cavity
contains the liver,
stomach, kidneys,
and other organs
Pelvic cavity
contains the
bladder, some
reproductive
organs, and rectum

Body Cavities and Membranes

Serous cavities a slit-like space lined by a

serous membrane
Pleura,

pericardium, and peritoneum

Parietal serosa outer wall of the cavity

Visceral serosa covers the visceral organs

Body Cavities and Membranes

Other Body Cavities

Oral cavity
Nasal cavity
Orbital cavities
Middle ear cavities
Synovial cavities

Abdominal Regions and Quadrants

Abdominal regions divide the abdomen into

nine regions

Abdominal Quadrants

Abdominal quadrants divide the abdomen into four

quadrants

Right upper and left upper quadrants

Right lower and left lower quadrants

There are 11 major organ systems of the body:

1. integumentary (skin)
2. skeletal (bone)
3. muscular (muscles)
4. nervous (CNS and PNS)
5. endocrine (hormones/regulation)
6. cardiovascular (heart and blood vessels)
7. lymphatic (lymph fluid)
8. respiratory (lungs)
9. digestive (stomach, intestine)
10. urinary (kidneys, bladder)
11. reproductive (male and female genitalia)

. Integumentary System

A. Major Components

1. skin (epidermis, dermis, etc.)

2. hair
3. sweat and oil glands
4. sensory organs and glands

B. Major Functions

1. helps to regulate body temperature

2. protects against external injury and desiccation
3. eliminates salts and urea
4. produces vitamin D

Skeletal System

A. Major Components

1. bone
2. cartilages
3. tendons
4. ligaments
5. joints

B. Major Functions

1. provide protection for internal organs (skull, ribs)

2. provide support for body
3. mechanical advantage for muscular actions (levers)
4. storage of vital minerals - calcium
5. site of blood cell formation (marrow)

. Muscular System

A. Major Components

1. muscles of different type/function

a. striated muscle (voluntary)

b. smooth muscle (involuntary)
c. cardiac muscle (heart)

B. Major Functions

1. striated muscle

a. primarily to contract on command

b. allows voluntary motions such as walking,
grasping, and moving in general, facial expressions

2. smooth muscle

a. contracts to allow involuntary motion

b. along arteries, digestive tract

3. cardiac muscle

a. contracts in rhythmic fashion involuntarily

b. propels blood through lungs and body

Nervous System

A. Major Components

1. brain and spinal cord (Central Nervous System)

2. nerves and sensory organs (Peripheral N S)

B. Major Functions

1. detect changes in internal and external environment

2. respond to changes to keep body homeostatic
3. organize activities of muscles and glands

. Endocrine System

A. Major Components

1. pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal glands

2. ovaries, testes, pancreas

B. Major Functions

1. maintains body homeostasis, growth, development

2. produce hormones in response to a variety of stimuli (increased sugar level, impending
doom, sexual attraction, length of day)
3. hormones then act on target organ to cause change

Cardiovascular System

A. Major Components

1. heart
2. blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries)
3. blood (serum, proteins, red & white cells)

B. Major Functions

1. primarily a transport system moving blood

a. oxygen, carbon dioxide, ions (salts Na,K,Ca,Cl)

b. nutrients and waste
c. hormones and proteins
d. white blood cells and antibodies

. Lymphatic System

A. Major Components

1. lymph nodes and vessels

2. spleen
3. thymus
4. other scattered lymph tissue

B. Major Functions

1. location of lymphocytes involved in body immunity

2. remove pathogens and debris from blood
3. returns leaked fluid to blood vessels

Respiratory System

A. Major Components

1. nasal passages
2. pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi
3. lungs

B. Major Functions

1. remove carbon dioxide from blood

2. allow blood to uptake oxygen from environment

Digestive System

A. Major Components

1. oral cavity, esophagus

2. stomach
3. small and large intestine
4. rectum
5. other: teeth, salivary glands, liver, pancreas

B. Major Functions

1. breakdown foods into minute particles to be absorbed by the blood and delivered to body
2. remove unused foodstuff from the body as feces

Urinary System

A. Major Components

1. kidneys
2. ureters
3. bladder
4. urethra

B. Major Functions

1. remove nitrogen-based waste molecules (urea, uric acid, ammonia) from the blood and
body
2. maintain water balance and ion/acid balance of blood

. Reproductive System

A. Major Components

Male: testes, scrotum, penis, and duct system for sperm

Female: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina

B. Major Functions

1. produce gametes (sperm and egg)

2. allow means for conception to occur
3. provide environment for fetal development

Axial sekelton

Basic movements of body

FOUR TYPES OF
ANIMAL TISSUES

EPITHELIAL TISSUE
(COVERING)

Tightly-joined closely-packed cells

One side of epithelium exposed to air
or internal fluid, other side attached to
a basement membrane, a dense
mat of extracellular matrix
(connective tissue)
Covers the outside of the body and
lines the internal organs and cavities
Barrier against mechanical injury,
invasive microorganisms, and fluid
loss
Provides surface for absorption,
excretion and transport of molecules

TYPES OF
EPITHELIAL
TISSUE

Cell shape
Squamous (flat & thin)
Cuboidal (box or square)
Columnar (rectangular)
Number of cell layers
Simple (one)
Stratified (two or more)
Pseudostratified (one but
appears to be two)
RELATE STRUCTURE TO
FUNCTION!

CONNECTIVE TISSUE
(FRAMEWORK)

Main function: binding

and support other
tissues
Large amount of
extra-cellular matrix
with fewer cells
Connective tissue
cells secrete the
extra-cellular matrix
Extracellular matrix
consists of network of
fibers in liquid, jellylike or solid matrix

MUSCLE TISSUE
(MOVEMENT)

Composed of long cells

called muscle fibers
Contraction movement

NERVOUS TISSUE
(CONTROL)

Senses stimuli and

transmits signals
called nerve
impulses from one
part of an animal to
another
Consists of a cell
body and long
extensions called
dendrites (towards
cell body) and
axons (towards
another cell or an
effector)

Axon

Dendrite
Cell body

COMMON TERMS USED IN

MEDICINE

SIGN-indication of existence of something perceptible to

the examining physician
SYMPTOM-subjective evidence perceived by the patient
PATHOGENESIS-the course of an illness from its initial
manifestation through its critical development
DIAGNOSIS-identification of a disease or condition by a
scientific evaluation of physical signs, symptoms, history,
laboratory test results, and procedures
PROGNOSIS-a prediction of the probable course and
outcome of a disease

1. Prefixes Indicating Location, Direction, and Tendency

Prefix
Meaning
Example_________________
Abfrom, away
abnormal - away from normal
Adto, near, toward
adrenal - near the kindey
Antebefore
antepartum - before delivery of child
Bradyslow
bradycardia - slow heart beat
Circumaround
circumocular - around the eye
Contraagainst
contraindicated - not indicated
Counteragainst
counterirritant - against irritation
Disapart from
disarticulated - taking a joint apart
Ectoutside
ectonuclear - outside the nucleus
Endwithin
endocardium - lining inner heart
Epiupon, on top of
epidermis - upon the skin
Exout from
exhalation - breathe out
Hypounder, lower
hypodermic - under the skin
Hyperabove, higher
hyperactive - higher level activity
Infraunder, below
infrapatellar - below the knee
Periaround
pericardium - sac around the heart
Probefore
prognosis - a fore-knowing
Superabove, on top
superciliary - above the eyebrow
Supraabove, on top
suprapubic - above the pubic bone
Synwith, together
synarthrosis - union of bones
Transthrough, across
transurethral - through the urethra
Tachy
fast
tachycardia- fact heart beat
Dextra
right

Prefixes Indicating Number and Measurement

Unione
Monoone
Bitwo
Bintwo
Ditwo
Terthree
Trithree
Quadrfour
Tetrafour
Polymany
Oligofew
Microsmall
Macrolarge
Megagreat/enormous

unicycle - one wheel

mononuclear - one nucleus
bilateral - two sides
binocular - two eyes
dicephalic - two heads
tertiary - the third part or stage
trilobar - three lobes
quadriceps - muscle w four heads
tetracylcine - four-ringed molecule
polydactyly - many digits (more than 5)
oligosaccharide - few sugars linked together
microscope - equipment to view small things
macrophage - large eating cell
megadontia - huge teeth

3. Prefixes Denoting Organs, Structures, Things

Audear, hear
Aden/o
gland
Angi/o
vessel
Arthr/o
joint
Bucc/o
cheek
Cardi/o
heart
Corpbody
Cephal/o
head
Cyst/o
bladder
Cyt/o
cell
Dent/o
tooth
Dermat/o
skin
Duoden/o
duodenum
Encephal/o
brain
Gastr/o
stomach
Hepat/o
liver
Gloss/o
tongue
Laryng/o
larynx
My/o
muscle
Nephr/o
kidney
Neur/o
nerve
Ot/o
ear
Ophthalm/o
eye
Path/o
disease
Pneumon/o
lung
Rhin/o
nose
Stomat/o
mouth, opening
Thorac/o
chest or thorax

audition - to hear someone

adenopathy - disease of a gland
angiogram - picture of a vessel
arthritis - inflammation of a joint
buccolabial - relating to cheek and lip
cardiology - study of the heart
corpus callosum - connecting body
cephalic - relating to the head
cystoscopy - view of the bladder
cytokinesis - cell movement
dental - referring to teeth
dermatitis - skin inflammation
duodenal - relating to the duodenum
encephalitis - brain inflammation
gastrointestinal - stomach and intestine
hepatitis - liver inflammation
glossopathy - tongue disease
laryngitis - larynx inflammation
myocardium - heart muscle
nephrologist - one who studies kidneys
neurosurgeon - surgeon of nervous system
otitis media - middle ear inflammation
exophthalmos - eyes bulge out
pathological - relating to disease
pneumonia - condition of the lung
rhinoplasty - reform the nose
stomatitis - mouth inflammation
thoracocentesis - puncture of the thora

4. Suffixes Denoting Relations, Conditions, and Agents

Suffix
Meaning
-centesis
to puncture
-ectomy
to cut out and remove
-ostomy
to cut and form opening
-otomy
to cut or slice
-pexy
to fix or repair
-plasty
to reform or repair
-rraphy
to suture, sew
-scopy
to view
-algia
pain
-cide
kill or destroy
-emia
of the blood
-gram
writing or record
-graph
recording instrument
-itis
inflammation
-ology
the study of
-oma
tumor
-orrhea
flow
-malacia
soft
-phasia
speech
-phobia
fear

Example____________________________
amniocentesis - puncture the amnion (fluid)
appendectomy - cut out & remove appendix
colostomy - opening to drain the colon
tracheotomy - cut the trachea
gastropexy - repair the stomach
rhinoplasty - reform the nose
ateriorraphy - suture an artery
otoscope - instrument to view ear
neuralgia - nerve pain
germicide - substance that kills germs
cholesterolemia - cholesterol in the blood
electrocardiogram - record of heart action
electrocardiograph - records the heart
appendicitis - appendix inflammation
ophthalmology - study of the eye
lymphoma - tumor of lymphatics
menorrhea - flow during menstruation
osteomalacia - bone softening
dysphasia - slurred or blunted speech
arachnophobia - fear of spiders

Basic medical reference books

ANATOMY- Essential Clinical Anatomy by Keith Moore and Anne

Agur & Altas of Human Anatomy by Frank Netter
HISTOLOGY- Color Textbook of Histology by Leslie Gartner and
James Hiatt
PHYSIOLOGY- Medical Physiology by Guyton & Hall
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY- Pathologic Basic of Disease by Robbins and
Contran
DIAGNOSIS & TREATMENT-Mercks Manual
PHARMACOLOGY- Basic and Clinical Pharmacology by Bertam
Gatzung