Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
B.KiranMaruthi09005047
M.Sonika09005054
D.V.Ramana09005059
OUTLINE
WhatisCognitiveArchitecture?
PlausibilityofCognitiveArchitectures
TypeIdentityTheory
Functionalism
HistoryofCognitiveArchitecture
GeneralCharacteristics
Consciousness
UnifiedTheoryofCognition
SOARcasestudy
IntelligentAgents
Entitieswhichobservethroughsensorsandactuponthe
environmentusingactuatorsanddirecttheiractivitytowards
achievinggoals.
WhatisCognitiveArchitecture?
Blueprintforintelligentagents.
Itproposes(artificial)computationalprocessesthatact
likecognitivesystems(human)
Anapproachthatattemptstomodelbehavioralaswellas
structuralpropertiesofthemodeledsystem.
Aim:tomodelsystemsthataccountsforthewholeof
cognition,i.e.,systemswithArtificialConsciousness
whichcannotonlyrespondbutalsothink,perceiveand
believelikeahuman!
ArtificialConsciousness
ArtificialConsciousnessisbroadlyclassified
asaccessandphenomenalconsciousness.
Brainprocessesneuralimpulsesfrom
theeyesanddeterminesthatthisimageis
physicallyunstablepatternrecognizability.
Whataboutpain,anger,motivation,attention,feelingof
relevance,modelingotherpeople'sintentions,anticipating
consequencesofalternativeactions,orinventing?
PlausibilityofArtificial
Consciousness
AviewskepticalofACisheldbytypeidentitytheorists
consciousnesscanonlyberealizedinparticular
physicalsystemsbecauseconsciousnesshaspropertiesthat
necessarilydependonphysicalconstitution
However,forfunctionalists,
anysystemthatcaninstantiatethesamepatternof
causalroles,regardlessofphysicalconstitution,will
instantiatethesamementalstates,including
consciousness
Alongtheselines,sometheoristshaveproposedthat
consciousnesscanberealizedinproperlydesignedand
programmedcomputers.
TypeIdentityTheory
Thementaleventscanbegroupedintotypesand
associatedwithtypesofphysicaleventsinthebrain.
Forexample,mentaleventpainresultsinphysicaleventin
thebrain(likeCfiberfirings)
Wehavetwototallydifferentversionsoftypeidentity
theorybasedonthedefinitionofwhatkindofidentityis
associatedwithmentalandphysicalevents.
UllinPlace(1956)CompositionalIdentity
Feigl(1957)andSmart(1959)ReferentialIdentity
CompositionalTypeIdentityTheory
U.T.Place'snotionofidentityisdescribedasarelationof
composition.
Everymentalprocessiscomposedofasetofphysical
sensationstowhichitreacts.Butcanweassociatethem
basedpurelyoncomposition?
"lightningisanelectricaldischarge"istrue.
ReferentialTypeIdentityTheory
ForFeiglandSmart,theidentitywastobeinterpretedas
theidentitybetweenthereferentsoftwodescriptionswhich
referredtothesamething.
themorningstarandtheeveningstarareidenticalinthe
sensethatbothofthemrefertotheVenus.
Sensationsandbrainprocessesdoindeedmeandifferent
thingsbuttheyrefertothesamephysicalphenomenon.This
iscalledasTheFregeandistinction
Conclusion:Alloftheversionssharethecentralideathat
themindisidenticaltosomethingphysical.
IMPOSSIBRU!!!
MultipleRealizability
Objectionstothetype
identitytheory
HilaryPutnampopularizedit
inlate1960s.
Itstatesthatthesame
mentalproperty,state,or
eventcanbeimplementedby
differentphysicalproperties,
statesorevents.
Putnam'sFormulation
Doallorganismshavethesamebrainstructures?Clearly
not!
Paincorrespondstocompletelydifferentphysicalstatesand
yettheyallexperiencethesamementalstateof"beingin
pain."
Shouldrobotsbeconsideredaprioriincableofexpereincing
painjustbecausetheydidnotpossesthesame
neurochemistryashumans?
Putnamconcludedthattypeidentityismakingan
implausibleconjecture.
Functionalism
Coreideaisthatmentalstatesareconstitutedsolelybytheir
functionalrole
Theyarecausalrelationstoothermentalstates,sensory
inputs,andbehavioraloutputs.
Brainsarephysicaldeviceswithneuralsubstratethat
performcomputationsoninputswhichproducebehaviours.
Accordingtothistheoryitispossibletobuildsiliconbased
deviceswhicharefunctionallyisomorphictothehumans
aslongassystemperformsappropriatefunctions.
VariationsofFunctionalism
MachineStatefunctionalismHilaryPutnam
MentalstateislikeautomatonstateofaTuringMachine.
Eachstatecanbedefinedexclusivelyintermsofits
relationstotheotherstatesaswellasinputsandoutputs.
Beinginpainisthestatewhichdisposesonetocry"ouch"!
VariationsofFunctionalismCont...
PsychofunctionalismJerryFordor
Theroleofmentalstates,suchasbeliefanddesire,is
determinedbythefunctionalorcausalrolethatisdesignated
forthemwithinourbestscientificpsychologicaltheory.
Ifsomenewmentalstatefromfolkpsychologycomes,itis
considerednonexistentasithasnofundamentalrolein
cognitivepsychologicalexplaination.
Sometheoreticalcognitivepsychologicalstateswhichare
necessaryforexplainationofhumanbehaviourbutarenot
foreseenbynormalfolkpsychology,alsoexistinthesystem.
QuickQuestion
WhatdifferencedoesthecolourREDmake?
Qualia
FromtheLatin,meaning"whatkind".
referstothesubjectivequalitiesofsensoryperceptionand
thefeelingtheygenerate.
Qualiaisnotonlytherednessofred,butthewaythat
rednessmakesusfeel.
Qualiaare,inessence,ourownuniqueandpersonal
perceptionsofourenvironment.
Mary'sthoughtexperiment
FrankJacksonofferstheknowledgeargumentforqualia.
Mary,thecolourscientistknowsallthephysicalfactsabout
colourandtheexperienceofcolourwithotherpeople.
Confinedfrombirthtoaroomthatisblackandwhite.
Whensheisallowedtoleavetheroom,itmustbeadmitted
thatshelearnssomethingaboutthecolourredthefirsttime
sheseesitspecifically,shelearnswhatitisliketosee
thatcolour.
Thisattackstheknowledgecompletenessoffunctionalism.
AbilityHypothesis
Nemirowclaimsthat"knowingwhatanexperienceislikeis
thesameasknowinghowtoimaginehavingtheexperience".
HearguesthatMaryonlyobtainedtheabilitytodo
something,nottheknowledgeofsomethingnew.
Marygainedanabilityto"remember,imagineandrecognize."
Knowingwhatit'sliketoseeredismerelyasortofpractical
knowledge,aknowinghow(toimagine,remember,orre
identify,acertaintypeofexperience)ratherthana
knowledgeofpropositionsorfacts.
FunctionalIsomorphism
Putnamdefinedtheconceptoffunctionalisomorphismas:
Twosystemsarefunctionallyisomorphicifthereisa
correspondencebetweenthestatesofoneandthestatesof
theotherthatpreservesfunctionalrelations.
Presently...
Functionalismiswidelyacceptedandresearchtodevelop
cognitiverobotsison!
CognitiveArchitecture
UsingPutnam'sMultipleRealizabilityformulationand
functionalism,DavidChalmersinlate1960ssuggestedthe
possibiltyofmechanismsandstructuresthatunderlie
Cognition:
processorsthatmanipulatedata
memoriesthatholdknowledgeand
interfacesthatinteractwithanenvironment.
HistoryofCognitiveArchitecture
19692000(timeline)
1970
1975
Soar (Laird, & Newell, 1983) Multi-method problem solving, production systems, and problem spaces
1980
PRS (Georgeff & Lansky, 1986) Procedural reasoning & problem solving
1985
1990
Icarus (Langley, McKusick, & Allen,1991) Concept learning, planning, and learning
1995
CIRCA (Musliner, Durfee, & Shin, 1993) Real-time performance integrated with planning
2000
EPIC (Kieras & Meyer, 1997) Models of human perception, action, and reasoning
APEX (Freed et al., 1998) Model humans to support human computer designs
Characteristics
Holism,e.g.Unifiedtheoryofcognition
Thearchitectureoftentriestoreproducethebehaviorofthe
modelledsystem(human),inawaythattimelybehavior
(reactiontimes)ofbotharecomparable
Othercognitivelimitationsareoftenmodeledaswell
Robustbehavior
Parameterfree
ArtificiallyConscious
ArtificialConsciousness
ThefunctionsofconsciousnesssuggestedbyBernardBaars:
DefinitionandContextSetting
AdaptationandLearning
AnticipationFunction
PrioritizingandAccessControl
DecisionmakingorExecutiveFunction
AnalogyformingFunction
MetacognitiveandSelfmonitoringFunction
AutoprogrammingandSelfmaintenanceFunction
DefinitionalandContextsettingFunction.
Learning
Reactiontimeforconsecutivereadings?
HumanimprovementviaPractise
Anticipation
Machineneedsflexible,realtimecomponentsthatpredict
worlds.
Aconsciousmachineshouldmakecoherentpredictionsand
plans,forenvironmentsthatmaychange.
Executedonlywhenappropriatetosimulateandcontrolthe
realworld.
Significantresearchonroleofconsciousnessincognitive
models.Examples:CLARION,OpenCog
UnifiedTheoryofCognition
BookwrittenbyAllenNewell
Newell'sgoal:
Todefinethearchitectureofhumancognition,whichisthe
waythathumansprocessinformation.Thisarchitecture
mustexplainhowwereacttostimuli,exhibitgoaldirected
behavior,acquirerationalgoals,representknowledge,and
learn.
Newell'sCognitiveModel
NewellintroducesSoar,anarchitectureforgeneral
cognition.
Soaristhefirstproblemsolvertocreateitsownsubgoals
andlearncontinuouslyfromitsownexperience.
Soarhastheabilitytooperatewithintherealtime
constraintsofintelligentbehavior,suchasimmediate
responseanditemrecognitiontasks.
Soar
WhatisSoar?
HistoryofSoar
ArchitectureofSoar
EvolutionofSoarandpresentversion
WhatisSoar?
Soarisasymboliccognitivearchitecture.
AnAIprogramminglanguage.
Itprovidesa(cognitive)architecturalframework,within
whichyoucanconstructcognitivemodels.
Itcanbeconsideredasanintegratedarchitecturefor
knowledgebasedproblemsolving,learning,andinteraction
withexternalenvironments.
History
CreatedbyJohnLaird,AllenNewell,andPaulRosenbloom
atCarnegieMellonUniversityin1983.
JohnLairdAllenNewellPaulRosenbloom
It'sSoarnotSOAR!
Historically,SoarstoodforState,OperatorAndResult,
becauseallproblemsolvinginSoarisregardedasasearch
throughaproblemspaceinwhichyouapplyanoperatorto
astatetogetaresult.
Overtime,thecommunitynolongerregardedSoarasan
acronym:thisiswhyitisnolongerwritteninuppercase
ScreenshotSoarDebugger
ProblemSpaces
Soarrepresentsalltasksascollectionsofproblemspaces.
Problem spaces are made up of a set of states and operators
that manipulate the states.
Soar begins work on a task by choosing a problem space,
then an initial state in the space. Soar represents the goal of
the task as some final state in the problem space.
StructureofSoar
Soarcanbedividedinto3levels:
MemoryLevel
DecisionLevel
GoalLevel
MemoryLevel
Ageneralintelligencerequiresamemorywithalarge
capacityforthestorageofknowledge.
Avarietyoftypesofknowledgemustbestored,including:
declarativeknowledge
proceduralknowledge
episodicknowledge
LongtermProductionMemory
AllofSoar'slongtermknowledgeisstoredinasingle
productionmemory.
Eachproductionisaconditionactionstructurethat
performsitsactionswhenitsconditionsaremet.
Memoryaccessconsistsoftheexecutionofthese
productions.
Duringtheexecutionofaproduction,variablesinits
actionsareinstantiatedwithvalue.
WorkingMemory
Theresultofmemoryaccessistheretrievalofinformationinto
aglobalworkingmemory.
ItisthetemporarymemorythatcontainsallofSoar'sshort
termprocessingcontext.Ithas3components:
Thecontextstackspecifiesthehierarchyofactivegoals,
problemspaces,statesandoperators
objects,suchasgoalsandstates(andtheirsubobjects)
preferencesthatencodetheproceduralsearchcontrol
knowledge
Soar
Architecture
Preferences
Thereisonespecialtypeofworkingmemorystructure
thepreference
Preferencesencodecontrolknowledgeaboutthe
acceptabilityanddesirabilityofactions.
Acceptabilitypreferencesdeterminewhichactionsshould
beconsideredascandidates.
Desirabilitypreferencesdefineapartialorderingonthe
candidateactions.
DecisionLevel
Thedecisionlevelisbasedonthememorylevelplusan
architecturallyprovided,fixed,decisionprocedure.
Thedecisionlevelproceedsinatwophaseelaboratedecide
cycle.
Duringelaboration,thememoryisaccessedrepeatedly,in
parallel,untilquiescenceisreached;thatis,untilnomore
productionscanexecute.
Thisresultsintheretrievalintoworkingmemoryofallof
theaccessibleknowledgethatisrelevanttothecurrent
decision.
Afterquiescencehasoccurred,thedecisionprocedure
selectsoneoftheretrievedactionsbasedonthepreferences
thatwereretrievedintoworkingmemory.
GoalLevel
Ageneralintelligencemustbeabletosetandwork
towardsgoals.Thislevelisbasedonthedecisionlevel.
Goalsaresetwheneveradecisioncannotbemade;thatis,
whenthedecisionprocedurereachesanimpasse.
Impassesoccurwhentherearenoalternativesthatcanbe
selected(nochangeandrejectionimpasses)orwhenthere
aremultiplealternativesthatcanbeselected,but
insufficientdiscriminatingpreferencesexisttoallowa
choicetobemadeamongthem(tieandconflictimpasses).
ImpasseResolution
Wheneveranimpasseoccurs,thearchitecturegeneratesthe
goalofresolvingtheimpassewhichbecomesthesubgoal.
Alongwiththisgoal,anewperformancecontextiscreated.
Thecreationofanewcontextallowsdecisionstocontinueto
bemadeintheserviceofachievingthegoalofresolvingthe
impasse.
Astackofimpassesispossible.
Theoriginalgoalisresumedafteralltheimpassestackis
cleared.
LearningthroughChunking
Inadditiontoallabovelevels,ageneralintelligence
requirestheabilitytolearn.
Alllearningoccursbytheacquisitionofchunks
productionsthatsummarizetheproblemsolvingthat
occursinsubgoals,amechanismcalledChunking
Theactionsofachunkrepresenttheknowledgegenerated
duringthesubgoal;thatis,theresultsofthesubgoal.
EvolutionofSoar
YEAR
VERSION
IMPLEMENTED IN
1982
Soar 1
Lisp
1983
Soar 2
Lisp/OPS5
1984
Soar 3
1986
Soar 4
1989
Soar 5
1992
Soar 6
1996
Soar 7
Tcl/tk
Soar9:InterestingDevelopement
UnifyingCognitiveFunctionsandEmotionalAppraisal
Thefunctionalandcomputationalroleofemotionisopento
debate.
Appraisaltheoryistheideathatemotionsareextracted
fromourevaluations(appraisals)ofeventsthatcause
specificreactionsindifferentpeople.
Themaincontroversysurroundingthesetheoriesargues
thatemotionscannothappenwithoutphysiologicalarousal.
Appraisal'sDetector
Thistheoryproposesthatanagentcontinuallyevaluatesa
situationandthatevaluationleadstoemotion.
Theevaluationishypothesizedtotakeplacealongmultiple
dimensions,suchas
goalrelevance
goalconduciveness
causalityandcontrol
Thesedimensionsareexactlywhatanintelligentagent
needstocomputeasitpursuesitsgoalswhileinteracting
withanenvironment.
Conclusion
Thiseldstillhasfartotravelbeforeweunderstandfully
thespaceofcognitivearchitecturesandtheprinciplesthat
underlietheirsuccessfuldesignandutilization.
However,wenowhaveovertwodecadesexperiencewith
constructingandusingavarietysucharchitecturesfora
widerangeofproblems,alongwithanumberofchallenges
thathaveariseninthispursuit.
Ifthesceneryrevealedbytheseinitialstepsareany
indication,thejourneyaheadpromisesevenmore
interestingandintriguingsitesandattractions.
Soar9:AppraisalDetector
References
1)SOAR:AnArchitectureforGeneralIntelligence,JohnE.
Laird,AllenNewell,PaulS.Rosenbloom,1986.
2)ApreliminaryanalysisoftheSoararchitectureasabasis
forgeneralintelligence,JohnE.Laird,AllenNewell,Paul
S.Rosenbloom,1989.
3)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_architecture
4)http://cs.gmu.edu/~eclab/research.html
5)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_theory_of_cognition
6)http://cll.stanford.edu/research/ongoing/icarus/
7)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_consciousness
8)http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/functionalism/
References
9)ASurveyofCognitiveArchitectures,DavidE.Kieras,
UniversityofMichigan.
10)ConnectionismandCognitiveArchitecture:ACritical
Analysis,JerryA.FodorandZenonW.Pylyshyn,Rutgers
CenterforCognitiveScience,RutgersUniversity,New
Brunswick,NJ.
11)HumanCognitiveArchitecture,JohnSweller,University
ofNewSouthWales,Sydney,Australia.
12)http://cogarch.org/index.php/Soar/Architecture
13)http://code.google.com/p/soar/wiki/Documentation
References
14)AGentleIntroductiontoSoar:AnArchitecturefor
HumanCognition:2006Update,JillFainLehman,John
Laird,PaulRosenbloom.
15)http://sitemaker.umich.edu/soar/home