Fuel Injection System

Fuel Injection System

Uses pressure (not Vacuum) from an
electrical pump to spray fuel into the
intake manifold.

Provides the engine with proper

air-fuel ratio (14.7 : 1)

Fuel Injection System

Advantages
Improved Atomization
Better fuel flow
Smoother idle

Improved fuel economy

Lower emissions

Better cold weather drivability

Increased engine power
Simpler

Fuel Injection System

Atmospheric Pressure
Pressure formed by the air
surrounding the earth.
Atmospheric pressure is 14.7psi
at sea level.
Any space with less than 14.7psi
at sea level has vacuum.
Engine acts as a vacuum pump,
producing vacuum in the intake
manifold.

Fuel Injection System

Engine Throttle Valve

Controls air flow and gasoline to power engine.

When butterfly valve is closed it restricts air-flow and the
resulting flow of fuel into the engine.

When accelerator is pressed, the air-flow is increased in the

intake manifold.
Engine sensors detect the resulting changes and increase fuel
flow through the injectors.

Fuel Injection System

Electronic Fuel Injection uses various engine sensors and control
module to regulate the opening and closing of injector valve.

Fuel delivery system

Air induction system

Sensor system
Computer control system

Fuel Delivery system

Electrical Fuel Pump draws fuel from
tank and forces it into the regulator.

Pressure Regulator controls the amount

of pressure that enters the injector and any
extra fuel is returned to the fuel tank.

Fuel Injector is simply a coil or solenoid

operated valve.
Spring pressure holds the injector closed.
When engaged, the injector sprays fuel
into the engine.
Injector Pulse Width indicates the time each
Injector is energized (Kept Open).

Air Induction System

Air filter

Throttle valve

Sensors

Connecting ducts

Sensor System

Monitors engine operating condition and reports this information

to ECM (computer).
Sensors are electrical devices that change resistance or voltage
with change in condition such as temperature, pressure and position.

Computer Control System

Uses electrical data from the sensors to control the operation of
the fuel injectors.
Engine Control Module (ECM)- Brain of the electronic fuel
injection.

Engine Sensors
Oxygen Sensor measures the oxygen content in engine exhaust.
Mounted on the exhaust system before the
catalytic converter.
Voltage out-put of O2 sensor changes with
the change in oxygen content of exhaust.
Lean mixture decreases the voltage.
Rich mixture increases the voltage.
Signal is sent to ECM and the ECM changes the time that an injector
is open or close.

Engine Sensors
Open Loop
When the electronic injection system doesnt use the input from
the engine exhaust.
System operates on information stored in the computer (PROM).
Computer ignores the sensors when the engine is cold.

Closed Loop
Ones engine reaches the operating temperature, computer uses
information from oxygen sensor and the other sensors.

Engine Sensors
Manifold Absolute Pressure Sensor (MAP)
Measures the pressure, or vacuum inside
the engine intake manifold.
Manifold pressure = Engine load

High pressure (low intake vacuum) =

High load = Rich mixture
Low pressure (high intake vacuum) =
Little load = Lean mixture
Computer senses the change in resistance
and alters the fuel mixture.

Engine Sensors
Throttle Position Sensor (TPS)
Variable resister connected to the
throttle plate.

Change in throttle angle =

change in resistance.
Based on the resistance, ECM
richens or leans the mixture.

Engine Sensors
Engine Temperature Sensor

Monitors the operating temperature of the engine.

Exposed to engine coolant.

Engine cold = Low Resistance = Rich Mixture
Engine Hot = High Resistance = Lean Mixture.

Engine Sensors
Mass Air Flow Sensor (MAF)

Measures the amount of outside air entering the engine.

Contains an air flap or door that operates a variable resistor.
Helps computer to determine how much fuel is needed.

Engine Sensors
Inlet Air Temperature Sensor

Measures the temperature of air entering the engine.

Cold air (more dense) = More fuel for proper AF ratio.

Engine Sensors
Crankshaft Position Sensor

Detects engine speed.

Changes injector timing and duration.

Higher engine speed = More fuel

Engine Sensors

Engine Idle Speed Control

Fast Idle Thermo Valve

Thermo wax plunger expands

and shrinks as the engine
warms up or cools down.
The thermo valve opens when cold to allow air to by-pass
the throttle valve.
This extra air increases engine idle speed to prevent cold engine
stalling.

Engine Idle Speed Control

Idle Air Control Motor (IAC)

Computer opens the valve when temperature sensor signals

a cold engine.
Open = More Air = Increased Idle Speed.

Throttle Body Injection

Uses one or two injectors.

Injectors (pulse) spray fuel into the

top of throttle body air horn.
Atomized fuel mixes with air and
drawn into the engine.
Fuel pressure regulator is spring loaded
and is part of the housing.
Fuel is being injected whenever the
engine is running, also called CIS:
Continuous Injection System.

EFI
EFI Multi port Injection System
Injector is pressed into the runner(Port)
in the intake manifold.
Injector sprays towards an engine
intake valve.
Each cylinder has its own
injector
EFI Direct fuel Injection System

Injectors are pressed into the

combustion chamber and spray fuel
directly into the combustion chamber.

Fuel Injection Diagnosis

***Do not be confused with ignition or engine mechanical problems.
Fuel leaks.
Vacuum leaks.
Kinked lines.
Sensor problems.

Loose or corroded electrical connections.

***Do not disconnect EFI harness terminal when ignition in
on position.

Diagnosis
OBD (On Board Diagnostics) & OBD II
Most EFI systems have on-board diagnostic abilities.
ECM can detect and record possible faults.
MIL (Malfunction Indicator Light) in the dash-board glows when
any abnormality is sensed.

Scan tool will find and display many problems.

Always scan for trouble codes before attempting other diagnostic

procedures or disconnecting the battery (will clear codes).

Diagnosis

Pressure Regulator Testing

***Caution Relieve fuel pressure (up to 60psi)before disconnecting line.
Bleed Relief Valve or Fuse
Check fuel pressure with fuel pressure gauge
and match readings against the specs.
Fuel Pressure Too Low
Check clogged fuel filter or bad electric pump.
Fuel Pressure Too High
Usually bad pressure regulator.
Maximum Fuel Pressure Test
Pinch the return line with engine running (line with smaller diameter)
Check the gauge, if pressure too low, Fuel Pump, not the pressure
regulator is at fault.

Diagnosis
Injector Testing
Bad injector can cause
Rough Idle
Hard Starting
Poor Fuel Economy
Engine Miss
Leaky Injectors will richen the
fuel mixture.
Dirty Injectors restricts the airflow, causing a lean mixture.
Inoperative EFI Injectors
no action (Miss Fire)

1. FAIR - but weak

2. BAD - split spray pattern
3. BAD - split spray pattern
4. BAD - jetting on left side

5. GOOD
6. BAD - feathering at top of spray

TBI Diagnosis

Check Pressure.
Fuel spray pattern can be seen into the horn.
If current and fuel pressure present, injector may be bad.

Regulator can be taken apart (GM).

Broke spring or bad diaphragm.

Multi port Diagnosis

Listen for clicking sound at each injector with
a stethoscope.
Locate the bad injector.

Using an ohm meter check for resistance

across coil and short to ground.
Infinite Resistance = Open coil
Zero resistance to ground = shorted.

Diagnosis
Injector noid light

Special test lights to check EFI feed circuit.

Injector cleaning kit can clean partially clogged injectors.
***caution Some manufacturers do not recommend cleaning injectors
(Pintel Type)

Oxygen Sensor Diagnosis

O2 voltage cycles from about 0.2 0.8 Volts.

0.2 volts = lean AFR
0.8 volts = Rich AFR

Simulate LEAN condition by pulling off a large vacuum hose.

(0.2 0.3 volts)
Simulate RICH condition by injecting propane into the air intake.
(0.7 0.8 volts)

Temperature Sensors

Resistance can be checked by dipping it in hot Vs cold water.

Cold = Low resistance.
Hot = High resistance.