RET Lect # 01

10-ME-06

Renewable Energy Technology

DIVISION OF WORLD INTO TWO POLES

DEVELOPED COUNTRIES

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

Developed
Countries

Developing
Countries

Developed Countries have Resources or they have occupied the

resources
Developing Countries have resources but they dont have facilities to
use them.
United nation's rules do not allow them to use facilities fully e.g. coal

Importance of Energy

Energy is fundamental to the quality of our lives. Nowadays, we are

totally dependent on an abundant and uninterrupted supply
of energy for living and working.

The base of our economic life depends on Energy

Energy is the basic factor for all types of industries

Energy plays an important role in many aspects of our lives. For

example, we use electricity for lighting and cooling. We use fuel for
transportation, heating, and cooking.

Energy crisis

Energy is the biggest problem of the world now a days

For developing countries energy is not a technical problem but it is social or

political problem

Developed countries dont want that energy crisis of developing countries

should be resolved

When developing country want to set a power plant UNO recommends

them a technology for safe environment and that technology is so expensive
that it is not achievable for them

Energy Resources

There is no lack of energy resources. Following are different types of

energy resources

Solar Energy

Water Energy

Wind Energy

Coal Energy

Atomic Energy

Thermal Energy

Bio Energy

Sun is the primary source of energy

Nature gives us energy in form of Sun in one day that is needed

for one year to the whole world

Solar energy is in dispersed form. It is not in condensed form so it is a

little bit costly

The per day production of Oil in Pakistan is 64000-65000 Barrel

The per day consumption of Oil is 150000-155000

Hubert curve

Hubert presented a theory that we are passed from peak Oil in 1970

World presented a revision and said that it is not 1970. Actually it is

2000

Existing Energy System

1.
Extraction

5.
Distribution

2.
Transportatio
n
6. End use
device

3.
Transforming

4.
Transmissio
n

7. Energy
service

Energy is lost in every step. So there are Inefficiencies present in every system.

Energy wastage

We are wasting energy in different forms e.g.

There are line losses present.

In door bell current always runs in it. Scientists assumed that it is only
operated 1 hour in 1 year.

So approximately 40KW hr. energy is wasted in 1 year.

Similarly T.Vs, Microwave are set standby

Inefficiency: We are inefficient. There are inefficiencies present in

every system.

LECTURE # 02

Conventional Sources to Meet Energy

Demand

The following conventional sources are used to meet the energy

demand.

1.

Hydro

2.

Natural Gas

3.

Coal

4.

Nuclear

Hydel

In Pakistan the production through hydel power is 6000 to 6500 MW

The maximum capacity which can be produced through power is

25000 to 30000 MW

If our hydel potential was 100 percent in 2002 we have already

wasted 35 % of this source and we are now using 65% remaining
sources

A Dam whose capacity is above 3000 MW can works up to 7 to 8

years

Hydel energy Graph

Electricity production from hydroelectric sources (% of total) in

Pakistan was last measured at 29.45 in 2009

Natural Gas

Capacity shows that natural gas is going to end in 2030

Production of natural gas in Pakistan is 4 billion cubic feet per day

Consumption of natural gas in Pakistan is 5 to 5.5 billion cubic feet

per day

The energy we consume for residential purpose is 38 to 40 % of total

energy

Developed countries use 20 % energy for residential purpose

The miraculous Pakistan is blessed with infinite natural resources by

the God and natural gas is the most precious one.

The recoverable reserves of natural gas have been estimated at

29.671 trillion cubic feet (January 1st 2009).

March 2008-09 the production was 3986.5 million cubic feet per day
as compared to 3965.9 mmcfd during the corresponding period last
year.

Coal Energy Resources

According to last estimates made in 2011, coal deposits in the

country are up to 185 billion tons. The largest deposits are in Thar
desert, which is about 850 trillion cubic feet spanning over 10,000
square kilometers, surprisingly more than the oil reserves in Saudi
Arabia having a collective quantity of approximately 375 billion
barrels.

At present, 40.6% of worlds electricity is being generated from coal

and it is the single largest contributor to world electricity generation.
By looking at the electricity generation mix of the countries that are
blessed with coal, it is evident that coal is the largest contributor.

Problems

Coal sources exist in farther areas e.g. Lora Lai and Thar therefore
transportation and extraction costs are high.

We import coal from Indonesia.

In our coal sources the problem is that after one layer of coal or
coal bed there is aqua layer.

To make it free from aqua there is lot expenditure of money.

This problem is also faced by South Africa and Ukraine.

In coming 50 years we cannot take advantage from coal more

than 5 % .

Nuclear

Nuclear is another conventional source to meet energy demand.

Pakistan atomic energy commission has an objective of 20000 to

25000 MW electricity till 2030.

The problems which we faced during the installation of nuclear

power plant are the following

To handle nuclear waste

To save installation

Non conventional sources of

Energy
Solar
Wind

Solar Energy

Sun is the primary source of energy it gives to world that amount of

energy in a day which is required for a year.

Solar energy is in dispersed form not in condensed form due to solar

energy we obtain fossil fuel.

Sun is renewable source of energy .

It is free from pollution

Wind Energy

Pakistan is gifted with immense wind resource. The wind map of

Pakistan indicates that major wind resource areas are located in
southeastern Pakistan and elevated mountain summits Pakistan.

Keeping in view the huge potential, The GOP has set a target of at
least 5% of total power generation capacity to be generated
through Renewable energy technologies, especially through wind
energy by the year 2030

Reliability of Existing system

To find the reliability of the system we use the following two tools.

PEST tools

SANKEY tools

PEST Tool

Pest tools can be used to check the reliability of conventional

means by

Political

Economical

Social

Technological

SANKEY Diagram

SANKEY diagram gives a visual illustration of input/output situation.

It is drawn to scale there are lots of variations as how are they drawn
only thing they have common is that the width of arms represents
energy transferred but the length of arms does not.

SANKEY diagram allow us to visualize to flow through a process more

easily than a table of numerical data can.

They show not only the energy transfers involved but also the
quantitative distribution transfers.

These diagrams are also used in business.

SANKEY Diagram

Centralization

Centralized means that every plan made by higher authority

belongs to specific region like. Islamabad.

World says that centralized system is not sustainable. It is failed.

Mismanagement:

Every one in any organization does not know what is his responsibility
and authority.

Decentralization

The usage of our resources in our community like Division level

provincial level and District level .
Feed and Tariff:

Use energy according to requirement and access energy is

transferred to centralized system like WAPDA.

Lecture # 03

Sustainable Energy Development

ABILITY TO MAKE DEVELOPMENT SUSTAINABLE I.E TO ENSURE

THAT IT MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE PRESENT WITHOUT
COMPROMISING THE ABILITY OF FUTURE GENERATIONS TO MEET
THEIR OWN NEEDS

Sustainable Development

"Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of

the present without compromising the ability of future generations to
meet their own needs. It contains within it two key concepts

The concept of needs, in particular the essential needs of the world's

poor, to which overriding priority should be given; and

The idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and

social organization on the environment's ability to meet present and
future needs.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

It can also be defined as improving the quality of human

life while living within the carrying capacity of supporting
eco-systems.

Sustainability encompasses the simple principle of taking

from the earth only what it can provide indefinitely, thus
leaving future generations no less than we have access to
ourselves.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

The term sustainable development can be defined in different ways.

we define it in the following ways:

Sustainable development is an organizing principle for human

life on a finite planet.

Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present

without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Sustainability is the "long-term, cultural, economic
and environmental health and vitality" with
emphasis on long-term, "

FUTURE ENERGY SYSTEM

What should be our future energy system?

ENERGY
SERVICE

Future energy system

decentraliz
ation
Local net works
Centralized system

Energy management system

The above diagram tells us that in future the centralized power

production system will reduce while local networks and
decentralized power production system will increase.

The disadvantage of centralized system is that if 100 turbines are

working and out of these if 2 turbines stop working the supply will be
cut off and the whole system will end up.

In next 20 to 30 years world system is shifting towards

D.C voltage because Renewable resources support

D.C voltage.

Factors affecting the Sustainable

Energy Development

Social

Economic

Environmental

Energy use and GDP per capita

Energy use has direct relation with GDP.

The more the energy use of country more will be GDP of the country.

Gross Domestic Product is an indicator of country economy.

It act as comparison with previous year.

Sustainable Development Indicators

Improve technical and economic efficiency.

To identify different pathways to lower the carbon emission.

Expand access and affordability.

Reduce environmental effects .

Cap and Drag Policy

Focus on technological development.

To identify the drivers and barriers .

Countries which will emit carbon will pay to the countries which are
reducing it.

Sustainable Development
Objectives

Quantifiable parameters to measure and monitor changes

(Progress or degradation) in respect to sustainable development.
Thus signaling challenges are alarming.

Lecture # 04

Energy System
Design
FOLLOWING STEPS ARE NEEDED IN ENERGY SYSTEM
DESIGN
I.

FIST METHODOLOGY IS CHOSEN.

II.

SUBMODLES ARE TAKEN , THEY ARE PASSED

THROUGH SOME PROCESS AND FINAL
DECISION ARE TAKEN.

Energy planning process

Problem identification.

Identification of alternative options.

Assessing and comparing options.

Appraising options.

Selecting an option

Models for energy planning

MEAD(Model for analysis of energy demand)
Is used for long term energy planning.
WASP(Wien automatic system planning package).
TIMES.
SIMPACTS(Simplified approach for estimating impacts of electricity
generation.

Decision methods

Descriptive method: through brain storming decision are taken and

decision makers know how to take decision?

Normative method: this method is not in practice. Ideal decision are

taken.

Prescriptive method: the quality of real decision is improved by this

decision.

Constraints of existing energy

planning tools

It does not address the related issues

Technology is considered as black box

Small system energy systems are neglected

Impacts need to be quantifiable

DESI POWER

Decentralized Energy Systems (India) more commonly known as

DESI Power, is an independent rural power producer involved in and
committed to socio-economic development of villages through
provision of electricity and energy services with a mission .

Future perspective

To forecast future.

To explore future.

Back casting (to look back from the future to the present)

Model structure

Two variables are considered in model structure.

Endogenous variables: derived models based on data.

Exogenous variables: the person gives his own assumption to

models as input

Characteristics of desi power

The main focus on future.

Having specific purpose.

Use of top down and bottom up approach.

Mathematical approach.

Sectoral coverage.

The time horizon.

Lecture # 05

ENERGY MODEL

REFLECTS COMPLEX SYSTEMS IN AN

UNDERSTANDABLE FORM.

HELPS TO ORGANIZE LARGE

AMOUNTS OF DATA.

PROVIDES A CONSISTENT
FRAMEWORK FOR TESTING
HYPOTHESES.

Categories of Energy Models

Ways of Characterizing Energy

Models

GENERAL AND SPECIFIC PURPOSES OF ENERGY MODELS

THE MODEL STRUCTURE: INTERNAL ASSUMPTIONS &

EXTERNAL ASSUMPTIONS

THE ANALYTICAL APPROACH: TOP-DOWN VS. BOTTOM-UP

THE UNDERLYING METHODOLOGY

THE MATHEMATICAL APPROACH

GEOGRAPHICAL COVERAGE: GLOBAL, REGIONAL,

NATIONAL, LOCAL, OR

PROJECT

SECTORAL COVERAGE

THE TIME HORIZON: SHORT, MEDIUM, AND LONG TERM

DATA REQUIREMENTS

Top Down & Bottom Up Approach

TOP DOWN:

USE AN ECONOMIC APPROACH

CAN NOT EXPLICITLY REPRESENT

TECHNOLOGIES
USE AGGREGATED DATA FOR
PREDICTING PURPOSES
ASSUMES THERE ARE NO
DISCONTINUITIES IN HISTORICAL
TRENDS

 BOTTOM UP :
Use an engineering approach
Allow for detailed description
of technologies
Use disaggregated data for
exploring purposes
Assumes interactions
between energy sector and
other sectors is negligible

PLANNING TOOL USED IN

PAKISTAN

Lect # 06

Solar Energy in the World

Solar Energy in Pakistan

What is a solar cell?

Solid state device that converts incident solar energy directly into
electrical energy

Efficiencies from several percent up to 20-30%.

No moving parts

No noise

Lifetimes of 30-40 years or more

PV Cells

Photovoltaic energy is the conversion of sunlight into

electricity. A photovoltaic cell, commonly called a
solar cell or PV, is the technology used to convert
solar energy directly into electrical power. A
photovoltaic cell is a non mechanical device usually
made from silicon alloys.
Sunlight is composed of photons, or particles of solar
energy. These photons contain various amounts of
energy corresponding to the different wavelengths of
the solar spectrum.
When photons strike a photovoltaic cell, they may be
reflected, pass right through, or be absorbed.

How Solar Cells Work

1. Photons in sunlight hit the
solar panel and are absorbed
by semiconducting materials,
such as silicon.
2. Electrons (negatively charged)
are knocked loose from their
atoms, allowing them to flow
through the material to
produce electricity.

3. An array of solar cells

converts solar energy into a
usable amount of
direct current (DC) electricity.

Photovoltaic Systems consist of several electronic

components which work together to collect solar
radiation and convert it into electricity.
Collectors
Energy Storage System
Inverter Distribution Center

Available Cell Technologies

Single-crystal or Mono-crystalline Silicon

Polycrystalline or Multi-crystalline Silicon

Thin film

Ex. Amorphous silicon or Cadmium Telluride

Monocrystalline Silicon Modules

Most efficient
commercially
available module
(11% - 14%)

Most expensive to
produce

Circular (squareround) cell creates

wasted space on
module

Polycrystalline Silicon Modules

Less expensive to make

than single crystalline
modules

Cells slightly less efficient

than a single crystalline
(10% - 12%)

Square shape cells fit

into module efficiently
using the entire space

Amorphous Thin Film

Most inexpensive
technology to produce
Metal grid replaced with
transparent oxides
Efficiency = 6 8 %
Can be deposited on
flexible substrates
Less susceptible to
shading problems
Better performance in
low light conditions that
with crystalline modules

Lect # 07

Solar Collectors

There are three types of solar collectors:

1. Flat plate solar collector.

Unglazed flat plate solar collector.

Glazed flat plate solar collector.

2. Evacuated tube solar collector.

3. Parabolic Troughs Collectors

Unglazed Flat Plate Solar Collectors

Low cost

Low temperature

Lightweight

Seasonal pool
heating

Glazed Flat Plate Solar Collectors

Moderate cost

Higher temperature operation

Can operate at mains water pressure

Heavier

Evacuated Tube Collectors

Higher cost

No convection losses

High temperature

Cold climates

Installation can be more

complicated

Evacuated Tube Collectors

Very little heat loss
Good solar capture at various angles
Very little fluid outdoors

Can replace components

Comes in different sizes

Parabolic Collectors
A parabolic mirror concentrates the sun on a dark painted pipe
placed in the focus of the parabola. The insulation may provided
by a front glass that protects the reflecting surface and by a
circular tube around the pipe, that allows vacuum insulation
between them. The temperature upper limit is imposed by piping
materials.

Trough Systems
High-temperature system is the
trough system, in which the troughs
focus sunlight onto steel pipes or
glass tubes. The heat transfer fluid
in the pipes reaches more than 700
degrees F and flows through a heat
exchanger, providing superheated
steam for a turbine generator.

Active water space heating system

The
system
components in an
active
space
heating application
are the same for
water heating with
the
addition
of
radiators for space
heating or under
floor heating coils
or even forced air
.systems

Passive Solar Ventilation

An indirect gain mass wall

can
be
used
to
significantly
increase
ventilation
rates
in
adjoining spaces.

Passive Solar Ventilation

Thermal chimneys can be constructed in a narrow

configuration (like a chimney) with an easily heated black
metal absorber on the inside behind a glazed front that can
reach high temperatures and be insulated from the house.

Lect # 09

Wind Turbine

LEC#09

A wind turbine is a device that converts kinetic energy

from the wind into electrical power. A wind turbine used
for charging batteries may be referred to as a wind
charger.

Today's wind turbines are manufactured in a wide range

of vertical and horizontal axis types.

85

Main parts of wind turbine

86

Rotor- The hub and the

blades together are
referred to as the rotor.
Wind turns the blades
which turn the drive shaft.

Shaft- Two different shafts

turn the generator. One
is used for low speeds
while another is used in
high speeds.

Gear Box- Gears connect

the high and low speed
shafts and increase the
rotational speeds from
about 10-60 rotations per
minute to about 12001800 rpm, the rotational
speed required by most
generators to produce
power.

87

Drag force:

In fluid dynamics, drag (sometimes called air resistance,

a type of friction, or fluid resistance, another type of
friction) refers to forces acting opposite to the relative
motion of any object moving with respect to a
surrounding fluid. This can exist between two fluid layers
(or surfaces) or a fluid and a solid surface. Unlike other
resistive forces, such as dry friction, which are nearly
independent of velocity, drag forces depend on
velocity.
Drag forces always decrease fluid velocity relative to the
solid object in the fluid's path.

88

Lift Force:

A fluid flowing past the surface of a body exerts a force

on it. Lift is the component of this force that is
perpendicular to the oncoming flow direction. It
contrasts with the drag force, which is the component of
the surface force parallel to the flow direction. If the fluid
is air, the force is called an aerodynamic force. In water,
it is called a hydrodynamic force.

89

Bernoulli's principle:

In fluid dynamics, Bernoulli's principle states that for an

inviscid flow, an increase in the speed of the fluid occurs
simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a decrease
in the fluid's potential energy . The principle is named
after Daniel Bernoulli who published it in his book
Hydrodynamic in 1738.

90

Newton

rd
3

Law:

The third law states that all forces exist in pairs: if one
object A exerts a force FA on a second object B,
then B simultaneously exerts a force FB on A, and
the two forces are equal and opposite: FA = FB. The
third law means that all forces are interactions
between different bodies, and thus that there is no
such thing as a unidirectional force or a force that
acts on only one body.

91

Betzs Law:

Betz's law calculates the maximum power that can be

extracted from the wind, independent of the design of a
wind turbine in open flow. According to Betz's law, no
turbine can capture more than 16/27 (59.3%) of the
kinetic energy in wind. The factor 16/27 (0.593) is known
as Betz's coefficient. Practical utility-scale wind turbines
achieve at peak 75% to 80% of the Betz limit

92

Betz' law and coefficient of

performance:

93

Efficiency of wind turbines:

A wind turbine is an exclusive form of turbo machine

which often operates at relatively lower speeds.
Efficiency of wind power plant is maximum at its rated
(design) wind velocity and thus efficiency decreases
with the fluctuations in wind. The lowest velocity at which
the turbine develops its full power is known as rated wind
velocity. 8 km/h is the minimum wind velocity below
which no useful power output can be produced from
wind turbine.

94

Angle of attack:

In fluid dynamics, angle of attack (AOA, or (Greek letter

alpha)) is the angle between a reference line on a body
(often the chord line of an airfoil) and the vector
representing the relative motion between the body and
the fluid through which it is moving . Angle of attack is
the angle between the body's reference line and the
oncoming flow.

95

Pitch angle:

The angle of the blade relative to the plane of the

rotation is known as pitch angle.

Increasing the blade pitch angle will increase the torque

and drag.

96

Lect # 10

Wind Power

Wind power is a measure of the energy available in

the wind. It is a function of the cube (third power) of
the wind speed. If the wind speed is doubled,
power in the wind increases by a factor of eight
(23). This relationship means that small differences in
wind speed lead to large differences in power.

98

Equation Of Wind Power

The amount of power available in the wind is

determined by the equation:
w = 1/2 r A v3
w is power, r is air density, A is the rotor area, and v is the
wind speed. This equation states that the power is equal
to one-half, times the air density, times the rotor area,
times the cube of the wind speed. Air density varies
according to elevation, temperature and weather
fronts.

99

Vertical Axis Turbines

Although vertical axis wind

turbines have existed for
centuries, they are not as
common as their horizontal
counterparts. The main reason
for this is that they do not take
advantage of the higher wind
speeds at higher elevations
above the ground as well as
horizontal axis turbines.

100

101

102

Changes in wind patterns

Intermittent

Reducing turbulence

Coupling with hydro or solar

energy

TV, microwave, radar interference

Switching from conducting

material to non-conducting and
composite material

Lect # 11
Biomass Energy Production

Bio Energy Technologies

Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)

104

Types of Biomass

105

Biomass Resources

Energy Crops
Woody

crops

Agricultural

crops

Waste Products
Wood

residues

Temperate
Tropical
Animal

crop wastes

crop wastes

wastes

Municipal

Solid Waste (MSW)

Commercial

and industrial wastes

http://www.eere.energy.gov/RE/bio_resources.html

106

Corn

107

http://www.geo.msu.edu/geo333/corn.html

Soybeans

http://agproducts.unl.edu/

108

Sorghum

http://www.okfarmbureau.org/press_pass/galleries/grainSorghum/

109

Sugar Cane Bagasse

http://www.nrel.gov/biomass/photos.html

110

Plants that burn waste to make

electricity must use technology to
prevent harmful gases and particles
from coming out of their smoke
stacks. The particles that are filtered
out are added to the ash that is
removed from the bottom of the
furnace. Because the ash may
contain harmful chemicals and
metals, it must be disposed of
carefully.

111

Collecting Landfill Gas or

Biogas
Biogas is a gas composed mainly of methane and

carbon dioxide that forms as a result of biological

processes in sewage treatment plants, waste
landfills, and livestock manure management
systems. Methane is one of the greenhouse gases
associated with global climate change.1 Many of
these facilities capture and burn the biogas for heat
or electricity generation. Burning methane is
actually beneficial because methane is a stronger
greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide. The electricity
generated from biogas is considered "green power"
in many states and may be used to meet state
renewable portfolio standards (RPS).

112

Ethanol

Ethanol was one of the first fuels used in automobiles,

and now nearly all gasoline sold in the United States
contains some ethanol. The Federal government has set
a renewable fuel standard (RFS) that mandates
increasing bio-fuels use through 2022, most of which will
probably be ethanol.

Ethanol and gasoline fuel mixtures burn cleaner and

have higher octane than pure gasoline, but have higher
"evaporative emissions" from fuel tanks and dispensing
equipment. These evaporative emissions contribute to
the formation of harmful, ground-level ozone and smog.

Gasoline requires extra processing to reduce

evaporative emissions before it is blended with ethanol.
Carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, forms when ethanol
burns, but growing plants like corn or sugarcane to make
ethanol may offset these carbon dioxide emissions
because plants absorb carbon dioxide as they grow.

113

Waste-to-Energy Plants Make

Steam and Electricity

Today, we can burn garbage in special waste-to-energy

plants and use its heat energy to make steam to heat
buildings or to generate electricity. There are about 90
waste-to-energy plants in the United States. These plants
generate enough electricity to supply almost 3 million
households.

114

Waste-to-Energy Plants Also

Dispose of Waste

But providing electricity is not the major advantage of

waste-to-energy plants. It actually costs more to
generate electricity at a waste-to-energy plant than it
does at a coal, nuclear, or hydropower plant.

The major advantage of burning waste is that it reduces

the amount of garbage we bury in landfills. Waste-toenergy plants dispose of the waste of 40 million people.

115

Biogas

Collecting Gas from Landfills

Landfills can be a source of energy. Organic

waste produces a gas called methane as it
decomposes, or rots.

Methane is the same energy-rich gas that is in

natural gas, the fuel sold by natural gas utility
companies. It is colorless and odorless. Natural gas
utilities add an odorant (bad smell) so people can
detect seeping gas, but it can be dangerous to
people or the environment. New rules require
landfills to collect methane gas as a pollution and
safety measure.

116

Biodiesel

Biodiesel was the fuel used in the first diesel

engines. Compared to petroleum diesel,
biodiesel combustion produces less sulfur oxides,
particulate matter, carbon monoxide, and
unburned and other hydrocarbons, but more
nitrogen oxide. Similar to ethanol, biodiesel use
may result in lower net-carbon dioxide emissions
if the source of biodiesel are oils made from
plants, which absorb carbon dioxide.

117

LECT # 12

Minimizing Cost of Energy

How to minimize the cost of energy?

Unplug

Set Computers to Sleep and Hibernate

Take Control of Temperature

Use Appliances Efficiently

Turn Out the Lights

Unplug:

Unplug seldom-used appliances, like an extra refrigerator in the

basement or garage that contains just a few items. You may save
around $10 every month on your utility bill.

Unplug your chargers when you're not charging. Every house is full of
little plastic power supplies to charge cell phones, PDA's, digital
cameras, cordless tools and other personal gadgets. Keep them
unplugged until you need them.

Set computer to sleep and

hibernate:

Enable the "sleep mode" feature on your computer, allowing it to

use less power during periods of inactivity. In Windows, the power
management settings are found on your control panel. Mac users,
look for energy saving settings under system preferences in the
apple menu.

Configure your computer to "hibernate" automatically after 30

minutes or so of inactivity. The "hibernate mode" turns the computer
off in a way that doesn't require you to reload everything when you
switch it back on. Allowing your computer to hibernate saves
energy and is more time-efficient than shutting down and restarting
your computer from scratch. When you're done for the day, shut
down.

Take control of temperature:

Use sunlight wisely. During the heating season, leave shades and
blinds open on sunny days, but close them at night to reduce the
amount of heat lost through windows. Close shades and blinds
during the summer or when the air conditioner is in use or will be in
use later in the day.

Set the thermostat on your water heater between 120 and 130
degrees. Lower temperatures can save more energy, but you might
run out of hot water or end up using extra electricity to boost the hot
water temperature in your dishwasher.

Use appliances efficiently:

Set your refrigerator temperature at 38 to 42 degrees Fahrenheit;

your freezer should be set between 0 and 5 degrees Fahrenheit. Use
the power-save switch if your fridge has one, and make sure the
door seals tightly. You can check this by making sure that a dollar
bill closed in between the door gaskets is difficult to pull out. If it
slides easily between the gaskets, replace them.

Don't preheat or "peek" inside the oven more than necessary.

Check the seal on the oven door, and use a microwave oven for
cooking or reheating small items.

Turn out the lights:

Don't forget to flick the switch when you leave a room.

Remember this at the office, too. Turn out or dim the lights in unused
conference rooms, and when you step out for lunch. Work by
daylight when possible. A typical commercial building uses more
energy for lighting than anything else.

Lect # 13

Firetube boiler

Hot gases pass through the tubes, feed water

surrounds them.

126

Water Tube Boiler

steam and water circulate through drums

and small diameter tubes, gases of
combustion pass around them

more commonly used, lighter, occupies

less space and has increased efficiency
(higher pressure and temperature)

127

Arrangement

mechanical power is produced by a heat

engine that transforms thermal energy
(from combustion of a fuel) into rotational
energy

heat (generated in the furnace) is

transmitted to the boiler where water
forced into the boiler by the feed pump is
converted into steam
steam drives turbine blades shaft

128

Efficiency

the efficiency of a steam turbine is limited by the

maximum temperature of the steam produced
and is not directly a function of the fuel used (for
the same steam conditions, coal, nuclear and
gas power plants all have the same theoretical
efficiency)

129

Basic glossary

Operating pressure

Boiler efficiency

Steaming hours

Heating surface

Generating surface

Superheated steam

130

Basic glossary

Operating pressure the pressure at which the

boiler is operated in service

Boiler efficiency -the ratio between the thermal

energy actually absorbed by water and the
thermal energy available in fuel (80 90 %)

Steaming hours -the time during which the

boiler generates steam

Heating surface -the total surface of all parts

exposed
to
combustion
gases
(tubes,
superheater, economiser)

131

Auxiliaries
CONDENSATE COLLECTING TANK (HOTWELL)
MAIN CONDENSATE PUMP
AIR EJECTOR
DEAERATING FEED TANK
MAKE UP TANK (EMERGENCY FEED TANK)
FEED PUMP
FEED HEATER
ECONOMISER

132

Main Condensate Pump

condensate collecting tank (hotwell)

Main Condensate Pump

to pump water from the hotwell through the

main air ejector to the deaerating feed tank

133

Air Ejector

no moving parts
jet pump

Bernoullis principle

to remove air and gases from the condensate

134

135

Deaerating Feed Tank

Form: cylindrical tank in three sections

First section (the lowest) storage space = beginning of

the feed phase.
Middle section: atomizing valve assembly to release
entrapped air from the water
Upper section: preheater compartment

136

Make Up Tank

losses in cycle

when the feed water level in the deaerating

tank drops to a minimum, make-up feed water
enters the system

137

Function:

The function of the air preheater

is

to

increase

the

temperature of air before it

enters the furnance. It is
generally

placed

economiser.

after

the

Economiser

To improve the efficiency of

the steam plant by using
thermal
energy,
i.e.
preheating the feedwater
before it passes into the boiler

water
is
heated
under
pressure to remove dissolved
air and vapour to minimize
internal boiler corrosion

138

Basic glossary

Generating surface - a part of the surface in

which water is heated and steam is generated
(tubes, drum)

Superheated steam = saturated steam + more

heat at constant pressure > dry steam (to avoid
damage to tubine blades)

139

Main Elements of SPP

FURNACE

BOILER

SUPERHEATER

TURBINE

CONDENSER

140

Furnace

a chamber in which heat is produced

combustion of fuel & generation of hot gases

burners break oil into fine particles to ensure

efficient combustion.

141

Condenser
A surface condenser is a commonly used term for
a water-cooled shell and tube heat exchanger
installed on the exhaust steam from a steam
turbine in thermal power stations. These
condensers are heat exchangers which convert
steam from its gaseous to its liquid state at a
pressure below atmospheric pressure. Where
cooling water is in short supply, an air-cooled
condenser is often used. An air-cooled
condenser is significantly more expensive and
cannot achieve as low a steam turbine exhaust
pressure as a water-cooled surface condenser.

142

Condenser

143

Steam turbine

A steam turbine is a device that extracts thermal energy from

pressurized steam and uses it to do mechanical work on a rotating
output shaft.

144