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Admission in India 2015
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Inverse Laplace
Transformations
Dr. Holbert
February 27, 2008
Lect11
EEE 202
Inverse Laplace Transform

Consider that F(s) is a ratio of polynomial
expressions
N ( s)
F ( s)
D ( s)
The n roots of the denominator, D(s) are called

the poles
Poles really determine the response and
stability of the system
The m roots of the numerator, N(s), are called
the zeros
Lect11
EEE 202
Inverse Laplace Transform

We will use partial fractions expansion
with the method of residues to determine
the inverse Laplace transform
Three possible cases (need proper
rational, i.e., n>m)
1. simple poles (real and unequal)
2. simple complex roots (conjugate pair)
3. repeated roots of same value
Lect11
EEE 202
1. Simple Poles
Simple poles are placed in a partial fractions
expansion
K 0 s z1 s z m
Kn
K1
K2
F ( s)
s p1 s p 2 s p n s p1 s p 2
s pn
The constants, Ki, can be found from (use
method of residues)
K i ( s pi ) F ( s ) s p
Finally, tabulated Laplace transform pairs are

used to invert expression, but this is a nice form
since the solution is
f (t ) K 1 e p1 t K 2 e p2 t K n e pn t
Lect11
EEE 202
2. Complex Conjugate Poles

Complex poles result in a Laplace transform of the form
K1
K1
K1
K1*
F ( s)
s ( j ) s ( j )
s ( j ) s ( j )
The K1 can be found using the same method as for
simple poles
K1 (s j ) F(s) s j
WARNING: the "positive" pole of the form +j MUST

be the one that is used
The corresponding time domain function is
f (t ) 2 K1 e t cos t
Lect11
EEE 202
3. Repeated Poles
When F(s) has a pole of multiplicity r, then F(s)
is written as
F ( s)
P1 (s)
Q 1 ( s) s p1
K11
K12
K1r
2
r
s p1 s p1
s p1
Where the time domain function is then

f (t ) K11 e p1t K12 t e p1t
t r 1 p1t
K1r
e
r 1!
That is, we obtain the usual exponential but

multiplied by t's
Lect11
EEE 202
3. Repeated Poles (contd.)

The K1j terms are evaluated from
K1 j
1
d r j
r
p
F ( s)
1
r j
r j ! ds
s p1
This actually simplifies nicely until you reach s

terms, that is for a double root (s+p1)
K12 s p1 F ( s)
2
s p1
d
s p1 2 F (s)
K11
ds
s p1
Thus K12 is found just like for simple roots

Note this reverse order of solving for the K values
Lect11
EEE 202
The Finger Method

Lets suppose we want to find the inverse
Laplace transform of
5 ( s 1)
F(s)
s ( s 2)( s 3)
Well use the finger method which is an easy

way of visualizing the method of residues for the
case of simple roots (non-repeated)
We note immediately that the poles are
s1 = 0 ; s2 = 2 ; s3 = 3
Lect11
EEE 202
The Finger Method (contd)

For each pole (root), we will write down the
function F(s) and put our finger over the term
that caused that particular root, and then
substitute that pole (root) value into every other
occurrence of s in F(s); lets start with s1=0
5 ( s 1)
5 (0 1)
5 (1) 5
F( s)
s ( s 2)( s 3) ( s )( 0 2)( 0 3) (2)(3) 6
This result gives us the constant coefficient for

the inverse transform of that pole; here: e0t
Lect11
EEE 202
10
The Finger Method (contd)

Lets finger the 2nd and 3rd poles (s2 & s3)
5 ( s 1)
5 (2 1)
5 (1) 5
F( s )
s ( s 2)(s 3) (2)(s 2)(2 3) (2)(1) 2
5 ( s 1)
5 (3 1)
5 (2)
10
F( s)
s ( s 2)(s 3) (3)(3 2)(s 3) (3)(1)

3
They have inverses of e2t and e3t

The final answer is then
5 5 2 t 10 3t
f (t ) e e
6 2
3
Lect11
EEE 202
11
Initial Value Theorem

The initial value theorem states
lim f (t ) lim s F(s)
t 0
Oftentimes we must use L'Hopital's Rule:

If g(x)/h(x) has the indeterminate form 0/0 or
/ at x=c, then
g ( x)
g ' ( x)
lim
lim
x c h( x )
x c h' ( x )
Lect11
EEE 202
12
Final Value Theorem

The final value theorem states
lim f (t ) lim s F(s)

t
s 0
The initial and final value theorems are useful for

determining initial and steady-state conditions,
respectively, for transient circuit solutions when
we dont need the entire time domain answer
and we dont want to perform the inverse
Laplace transform
Lect11
EEE 202
13
Initial and Final Value Theorems

The initial and final value theorems also provide
quick ways to somewhat check our answers
Example: the finger method solution gave
5 5 2 t 10 3t
f (t ) e e
6 2
3
Substituting t=0 and t= yields

5 5 0 10 0 5 15 20
e e
0
6 2
3
6
5
15
5
f (t ) 10 e e
6
2
6
f (t 0)
Lect11
EEE 202
14
Initial and Final Value Theorems

What would initial and final value theorems find?
First, try the initial value theorem (L'Hopital's too)
5 ( s 1)
s
s ( s 2)(s 3)
d
5
5
ds 5 ( s 1)
f (0) lim d 2
lim
0
s
s
2s 5
ds s 5 s 6
f (0) lim s F( s) lim
Next, employ final value theorem

5 ( s 1)
5 (1)
5
f () lim s F( s ) lim
s 0
s 0 ( s 2)( s 3)
(2)(3) 6
This gives us confidence with our earlier answer

Lect11
EEE 202
15
Solving Differential Equations

Laplace transform approach automatically
includes initial conditions in the solution
L d x(t ) s X(s) x(0)
dt
d 2 y (t )
L 2 s 2 Y(s) s y(0) y' (0)
dt
Example: For zero initial conditions, solve

d 2 y (t )
d y (t )
11
30 y (t ) 4 u (t )
2
dt
dt
Lect11
EEE 202
16
Class Examples
Find inverse Laplace transforms of
s
Y( s)
2
( s 1)
s
Z( s ) 2
s 4s 8
Drill Problems P5-3, P5-5 (if time permits)
Lect11
EEE 202
17

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Inverse Laplace Transform

The n roots of the denominator, D(s) are called

Inverse Laplace Transform

Finally, tabulated Laplace transform pairs are

2. Complex Conjugate Poles

WARNING: the "positive" pole of the form +j MUST

Where the time domain function is then

That is, we obtain the usual exponential but

3. Repeated Poles (contd.)

This actually simplifies nicely until you reach s

Thus K12 is found just like for simple roots

The Finger Method

Well use the finger method which is an easy

The Finger Method (contd)

s ( s 2)( s 3) ( s )( 0 2)( 0 3) (2)(3) 6

This result gives us the constant coefficient for

The Finger Method (contd)

s ( s 2)(s 3) (2)(s 2)(2 3) (2)(1) 2

s ( s 2)(s 3) (3)(3 2)(s 3) (3)(1)

They have inverses of e2t and e3t

Initial Value Theorem

Oftentimes we must use L'Hopital's Rule:

Final Value Theorem

lim f (t ) lim s F(s)

The initial and final value theorems are useful for

Initial and Final Value Theorems

Substituting t=0 and t= yields

Initial and Final Value Theorems

Next, employ final value theorem

This gives us confidence with our earlier answer

Solving Differential Equations

Example: For zero initial conditions, solve

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