Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Z TRANSFORM
A. The Direct z-Transform
X ( z)
n
x
(
n
)
z
z - complex variable
X ( z ) Z x(n)
ROC
z
x(n)
X(z)
Region of Convergence
- set of all values of z for which X(z) attains a finite value
Example:
Determine the z-transforms of the following finite-duration signals:
x1 (n) 1,2,5,7,0,1
1.
Soln. X 1 ( z ) 1 2 z 1 5 z 2 7 z 3 z 5 , ROC : entire z - plane except z 0
2.
x2 (n) 1,2,5,7,0,1
Soln.
3.
x3 (n) 0,0,1,2,5,7,0,1
Soln. X 3 ( z )
4. x4 (n) (n k ), k 0
So ln :
z
X 4 ( z ) z k i.e., (n k )
1
x ( n) u ( n)
2
Soln:
1 1 2 1 3 1 n
x(n) 1, , , ,..., ,...
2 2 2
2
2
1
1
1
X ( z ) 1 z 1 z 2 z n ...
2
2
2
1 n 1 1
z z
n 0 2
n 0 2
Recall
1
1 A
1
or z
2
1 A A2 A3 ...
if A 1
1 1
z 1
2
1
1
X ( z)
, ROC : z
1
2
1 z 1
2
for
z re j where r z and z
X ( z ) z re j
n j n
x
(
n
)
r
e
X(z)
n jn
x
(
n
)
r
e
x(n)r
n -
n jn
x(n)r
n -
Finite if x(n)r n
Is absolutely summable
X ( z)
x ( n) r n
n 0
x ( n)
x ( n)
n
x ( n) r n
n
r
n 1
n 0 r
n ,
x ( n) u ( n)
0,
n0
n0
Solution:
From
X ( z)
x ( n) z
X ( z) z
n
n 0
z 1
n 0
z 1 1 or z
If
1 z
1
x ( n) u ( n)
X ( z )
n
1
1 z
, ROC : z
If
then
1
x ( n ) u ( n)
X ( z )
,
1
1 z
ROC : z 1
0,
x(n) u (n 1) n
- ,
n
Solution:
X ( z)
x(n) z
n0
n -1
z
1
Where l=-n
z
1
l 1
A
Using the formula A A A ... A 1 A A ...
1 A
1
When A 1
z
1
-1
X ( z)
provided
that
z 1 or z
1
1
1 z 1 z
2
Then
z
x(n) nu (n 1)
X ( z)
1 z
, ROC : z
In summary,
X ( z)
x ( n) z
z
n n
b z
n
n 0
n
Solution:
Case 1: b : The two ROC do not overlap, X(z) do not exist
Case 2:
1 - z -1 1 bz 1 b z bz 1
ROC : z b
X(z)
n n
X ( z)
n 0
1
1 z 1
b z
1 n
l 1
, ROC : z
X ( z)
x(k ) z
z X ( z )dz x(k ) z z dz
n 1
X ( z )z dz
n 1
n 1
n 1
X ( z )z dz
x(k ) z
n 1 k
dz
x(k ) z
n 1 k
dz
1, k n
1
n 1 k
z
dz
C
2j
0, k n
then
X ( z )z n 1dz
x(k ) z n 1 k dz
C
2jx(n)
1
n 1
x(n)
X
(
z
)
z
dz
2j C
1. Linearity
If
z
x 1 ( n)
X1 ( z)
z
and x 2 (n)
X 2 ( z)
z
then x(n) a 1 x1 (n) a2 x2 (n)
a1 X 1 ( z ) a2 X 2 ( z )
1 j 0 n
1
e u ( n ) e j 0 n u ( n )
2
2
1
1
X ( z ) Z e j 0 n u ( n ) Z e j 0 n u ( n )
2
2
setting
e j e j 1
0
j 0 n
u ( n)
1 e
j 0
ROC : z 1
and
e
j 0 n
u ( n)
1 e
j 0
ROC : z 1
thus
1
1
1
1
X(z)
,
j0 1
j0 1
2 1 e z
2 1 e z
manipulating
ROC : z 1
1
1
z
cos0
z
cos0 n u (n)
1 2 z 1 cos0 z 2
Solve for b!
X ( z ),
ROC : r1 z r2
If
then
z
a n x ( n)
X (a 1 z ), ROC : a r1 z a r2
Solution:
a.) from the previous example, we obtain
1 z 1 cos0
cos0 nu(n)
1 2 z 1 cos0 z 2
z
so that
1 az 1 cos0
a cos0 n u (n)
,
1 2az 1 cos0 a 2 z 2
n
Solve for b!
za
3. Time Reversal
z
x ( n)
X ( z ),
ROC : r1 z r2
then
1
1
x ( n)
X ( z ), ROC : z
r2
r1
z
x(n) u(n)
Solution:
From the previous example
1
,
ROC : z 1
1
1 z
by using time reversal property
1
z
u ( n)
,
ROC : z 1
1 z
z
u ( n)
z
x ( n)
X ( z)
then
z
nx(n)
dX ( z )
dz
x(n) na u (n)
Solution:
x(n) can be expressed as
where
x1 (n) a nu (n)
z
x1 (n) a nu (n)
X1 ( z)
nx1 (n)
1
,
1 az 1
ROC : z a
then
dX 1 ( z )
az 1
na u (n)
X ( z ) z
, ROC : z a
1 2
dz
1 az
setting a 1, the unit ramp signal z - transformis
z
nu(n)
z 1
1 z
1 2
ROC : z 1
z
x
(
n
)
X1 ( z)
If 1
z
x2 ( n )
X 2 ( z)
then
z
x(n) x1 (n) x2 (n)
X ( z) X1 ( z) X 2 ( z)
1, 0 n 5
x2 ( n )
0, elsewhere
Solution:
X 1 ( z ) 1 2 z 1 z 2
X 2 ( z ) 1 z 1 z 2 z 3 z 4 z 5
X ( z) X1 ( z) X 2 ( z)
1 - 2z -1 z 2 1 z 1 z 2 z 3 z 4 z 5
1 - z -1 z 6 z 7
Hence
x(n) 1,-1,0,0,0,0,-1,1
verify the result when using x(n) x1 (n) x2 (n)
X 1 ( z ) 1 2 z 1 z 2
X 2 ( z ) 1 z 1 z 2 z 3 z 4 z 5
X ( z) X1 ( z) X 2 ( z)
1 - 2z -1 z 2 1 z 1 z 2 z 3 z 4 z 5
1 - z -1 z 6 z 7
Hence
x(n) 1,-1,0,0,0,0,-1,1
verify the result when using x(n) x1 (n) x2 (n)
X1 ( z)
z
x2 ( n )
X 2 ( z)
then
rx1x2 (l)
x (n) x (n l ) R
z
x1 x 2
( z ) X 1 ( z ) X 2 ( z 1 )
x(n) a nu (n),
-1 a 1
ROC : z a
ROC : z
1
a
(causalsignal)
(anticausal signal)
thus
R xx ( z )
1
1
1
1
,
ROC
:
a
1 az 1 1 az 1 a ( z z 1 ) a 2
a
To solve for
xn a nu (n) b n u (n 1)
ba
1
X ( z)
with b
1
a b zabz
a
1- a 2
2
a
Rxx ( z )
1
2
1 a( z z ) a
hence
X ( z)
Rxx ( z )
,
2
1 a
1
l
rxx (l )
a
1 a2
x ( n)
rxx (l )
1 a2
with x(n) a n
X1 ( z)
z
x2 ( n )
X 2 ( z)
then
1
z 1
x(n) x1 (n) x2 (n)
X ( z )
X 1 (v) X v dv
C
2j
2 v
z
whereC is the closed contour that encloses the origin and lies within
1
theregion of convergence common toboth X1 (v) and X 2
v
8. Parsevals Relation
If x1 (n) and x2 (n) are complex - valued sequences,then
1
1 1
x 1 ( n ) x ( n)
X 1 (v) X 2 v dv
C
2j
v
n -
Rational z-transforms
Poles and Zeros
Zeros of a z-transforms X(z) values of z for which X(z) = 0
Poles of a z-transform X(z) values of z for which X(z) =
M
B( z ) b0 b1 z 1 ... bM z M
X ( z)
1
N
A( z ) a0 a1 z ... a N z
bk z k
k 0
N
a z
k 0
if a 0 and b 0
b
b
z M 1 z M 1 ... M
b0
B( z ) b0 z
b0
X ( z)
A( z ) a0 z N z N a1 z N 1 ... a N
a
a0
0
B ( z ) b0 M N ( z z1 )( z z 2 ) ( z z M )
z
A( z ) a0
( z p1 )( z p2 ) ( z pM )
M
Gz
( z zk )
N - M k 1
N
( z pk )
k 1
Where G b0
a0
zeros : z z1 , z 2 ,...,z M
poles : z p1 , p2 ,..., p N
At the origin, z=0:
N M zeros if N M
N M poles if N M
at z :
zero exists if X() 0
pole exists if X()
No. of poles No. of zeros at z 0 and z
x(n) a nu (n),
a0
z1
Solution:
1
z
z 0
X ( z)
, ROC : z a
1
1 az
za za
p1
then
at z1 0
No. Of zeros = 1
at p1 a
No. Of poles = 1
a n ,
x ( n)
0,
Solution:
X ( z)
from
M 1
0 n M -1
elsewhere
n
x
(
n
)
z
X ( z ) az
Since a>0
n 0
where a 0
aM
1 n
1 az 1
z M aM
M 1
1
1 az
z z a
has M roots at
z k ae j 2k / M
k 0,1,...,M - 1
z - z1 z z 2 z z M 1
X(z)
z M 1
which has M - 1 zeros and M - 1 poles
The behavior of a signal depends strongly on the location of its poles relative to the
unit circle:
1. Causal real signals with simple real poles or simple complex-conjugate pairs of
poles, which are inside or on the unit circle, are always bounded in amplitude.
2. A signal with a pole (or a complex-conjugate pair of poles) near the origin decays more
rapidly than that with a pole near (but inside) the circle.
Example: Determine the system function and the unit sample response of the system
described by the difference equation
1
y(n) y(n 1) 2 x(n)
2
Solution:
1 1
Y ( z) z Y ( z) 2 X ( z)
2
1 1
Y ( z) z Y ( z) 2 X ( z)
2
1 1
Y ( z ) 1 z 2 X ( z )
2
Y ( z)
2
2z
H ( z)
X ( z ) 1 1 z 1 z 1
2
2
a n u ( n)
1
1 az 1
so
2
1
with a , the inverse z transformis
1
2
1 z 1
2
n
1
h(n) 2 u (n)
2
Inverse Z Trasnform
1. By Contour Integration
2. By Power Series Expansion
Given the z-transform X(z) with its corresponding ROC, we can expand X(z) into a
power series of the form
X ( z)
n
c
z
n
1
X ( z)
1 1.5 z 1 0.5 z 2
When
a. ROC : z 1
b. ROC : z 0.5
Solution:
a. Since ROC is exterior of a circle, x(n) is a causal signal:
Perform the division function to get:
3
7
15
31
X ( z ) 1 z 1 z 2 z 3 z 4
2
4
8
16
then
3 7 15 31
x(n) 1, , , , ,...
2 4 8 16
b. Since ROC is interior of a circle, x(n) is an anticausal signal:
Perform the division function to get:
2 z 2 6 z 3 14 z 4 30 z 5 62 z 6 ...
1 2 3 1
z z 1 1
2
2
1 - 3z 2z 2
3z - 2z 2
3z - 9z 2 6 z 3
7z 2 6 z 3
7z 2 21z 3 14 z 4
15z3 14 z 4
15z3 45z 4 30 z 5
31z4 30 z 5
Thus
X ( z)
1
3
1
1 z 1 z 2
2
2
2 z 2 6 z 3 14 z 4 30 z 5 62 z 6 ...
x(n) 0 for n 0
x(n) ...62,30,14,6,2,0,0
Seatwork:
1. Consider the sequence
x(n) a nu (n 1)
Prove that its z-transform is
1
1
x ( n ) u ( n ) u ( n)
2
3