Respiratory system

Mrs. Jenny.J
Clinical instructor,
FAHS.

Introduction
Thorax forms upper part of the trunk of the body.
The trunk of the body is divided by the diaphargm, into an
upper part called the thorax.
And lower part called the abdomen.
It is supported by a skeletal frame work- Thoracic cage
The thoracic cavity contains- Lungs & heart.

Skeleton of the thorax

Also known as the thoracic cage
It is an osseocartilaginous, elastic
cage.
Designed for increasing and
decreasing the intrathoracic
pressure, so that air is sucked into
the lungs during inspiration &
expelled during expiration.
Formation
Anteriorly - sternum
Posteriorly 12 thoracic vertebrae
Each side 12 ribs with their cartilage

 Shape Truncated cone.arrow above broad below

Bones of the thorax

Ribs( Costae)
Sternum
Vertebral column
Ribs
12 ribs on each side forming the greater
part of the thoracic skeleton
Ribs are bony arches arranged one
below the other
The gaps between the ribs are called
intercostal spaces.

Sternum
It is a flat bone; The anterior median
part of the thoracic skeleton
Shape- Resembles ashort sword
Parts
1. Upper part Manburium
2. Middle part- Body
3. Lower part- Xiphoid process or
xiphisternum
4. Its about 17cmlong
5. It is longer in males than in
females.

Vertebral column
It is also called the spine, spinal
column or back bone.
It is the central axis of the body
It supports the body weight and
transmits it to the ground through the
lower limbs.
It is made up of 33 vertebrae.
7 cervical,12 thoracic,5
lumbar,5sacral,4 coccygeal.
Length of the spine is about 70cm in
males and about 60cm in females.
The number of vertebrae corresponds
to the number of spinal nerves.

Muscles of the thorax

Pectoralis major
Pectoralis minor
Serratus anterior
Latissimus dorsi
Diaphargm
Sternocleidomastoid muscles
External intercostal
Internal intercostal muscles

Organs of respiration
The different organs of the
respiratory system such as nose,
larynx, trachea, bronchi, alveoli.
carry out the process of respiration
All these organs play an important
role in supplying oxygen to the
body.
Organs:
1.Upper respiratory tract - Nasal
cavity, Pharynx, Larynx.
2.Lower respiratory tract trachea,
bronchi, lungs.

Organs of respiration
Nose
Vestibule is a part of nostrils - lined with coarse hair.
Nasal septum divides the nasal cavity in two parts.
The floor of nasal cavity is formed of hard and soft
palates.
Cartilage is an external part of the nose which forms the
tip.
The bony shelves which project from lateral walls of the
nose are referred to as inferior, middle and superior nasal
conchae.
Meatuses are the spaces present between conchae.

Pharnyx
Pharynx is a tubular part of the respiratory system which
allows the passage of air into lungs.
It is located behind the nasal and oral cavities. The different
parts of pharynx are as follows:
Nasopharynx: It connects the upper portion of the throat with
the nasal cavity.
Oropharynx: It is located between the soft palate and upper
part of epiglottis.
Laryngopharynx: This part of the pharynx is located below
the epiglottis. It opens into the esophagus and larynx.

Epiglottis
It is a flap-like structure (epiglottis) which prevents food or
water from entering the trachea at the time of swallowing.
Epiglottis is composed of cartilaginous tissue. It is located at
the opening of larynx (back of the tongue); the epiglottis is
covered with mucous.
Since the epiglottis gets abraded easily (it lies in the digestive
tract), its surface is covered with a layer of non-keratinized and
stratified squamous epithelial cells.

Larynx(Voice box)
It is a part of the respiratory
system which connects the
trachea with laryngo pharynx.
The larynx controls the flow of
air at the time of breathing.
The larynx, also known as sound
box, is formed of cartilages.
Epiglottis, thyroid and cricoid are
the three important cartilages of
larynx

Trachea
The trachea, also known as windpipe,
extends from larynx to bronchi.
The trachea gets branched into
bronchi. The trachea facilitates the
flow of air towards the bronchi.
Trachea lies to the anterior side of the
oesophagus;
It is tubular in shape with a diameter
of 1 inch. and length of 4.25 inch.
Length of the trachea spans between
the 6th cervical and 5th thoracic
vertebrae.
The trachea is composed of 15-20 Cshaped pieces of hyaline cartilage.

Bronchi
Bronchus (singular of bronchi) is a
passage which allows the flow of air
into lungs. The bronchi extend from
trachea to the lungs.
The tracheal tube, when divided into
two at the caudal end, gives rise to the
left and right bronchus.
The left bronchus is shorter than the
right one; the left one is sub-divided
into 2 lobar bronchi; right bronchus, on
the other hand, is sub-divided into 3
lobar bronchi.

Lungs
Lungs occupies the major portions
of the thoracic cavity
Leaves little space for the heart.
Which occupies more of the left
lung.
Lungs are pair of respiratory organs
- thoracic cavity
Each lung invaginates
corresponding pleural cavity.
Right and left lung mediastinum
Right lung- 700g( 50-100g) heavier
than left lung

Features
1. Apex- upper end
2. Base- resting on diaphargm
3. Three borders Anterior,
posterior& inferior
4. Two surfaces Costal &
medial
Fissures & lobes of the lungs
5. Right lung - 3lobes & two
fissures
6. Left lung Two lobes & one
fissures.

Features

Apex
It is blunt & lies above the anterior end of the first rib
Base
It is semilunar and concave
It rests on the diaphargm
Which separates the right lung from right lobe of the liver
And left lung from left lobe of the liver, Fundus of the
stomach, & spleen.
Borders
Anterior border
Anterior border is very thin
It is shorter than the posterior border
Posterior border
It is thick and ill defined
Inferior border
It separates the base from the costal and medial surface

Surfaces
Costal surface
It is large and convex
Contact with the costal pleura and
the overlying thoracic wall`
Medial surface
Divides into Posterior or vertebral
part
Anterior or mediastinal part
Vertebral part- Intervertebral discs
Posterior- Intercostal vessels
Mediastinal Cardiac
impressions ,& the hilum of the
lung

Fissures & lobes of the lungs

Right lung
Upper, middle, & lower
Horizontal & oblique
Left lung
Upper & lower lobe
Oblique fissures
Tongue shape projection - Lingula

Pleura
Pleura is a serous membrane of
the lung
Two pleural sacs
Outer layer- parietal pleura
Inner layer Visceral or
pulmonary pleura
Pleural cavity between two
pleura
Pleural fluid.

 Arterial supply of the lungs

Bronchial arteries nutrition to the bronchial tree &
Pulmonary tissue.
Deoxygenated blood- lungs- Pulmonary arteries
Oxgenated blood returned the heart - pulmonary veins
Venous drainage of the lung
Bronchial veins- Azygos vein
Nerve supply of the lung
Parasymapathetic
Sympathetic - Located in the lungs

Bronchial tree
Trachea divides at the level of the 4th
thoracic vertebra two primary bronchi
Right Primary bronchus
It is 2.5 cm long
Shorter & wider
More line the trachea than the left
primary bronchus
Inhaled particles tend to pass more in
right lung
Infections are common on the right side
than left side.
Left primary bronchus
It is 5cm long
Longer and narrower & more oblique
than the right bronchus.

Together, the lungs contain approximately 2,400 kilometres of

airways and 300 to 500 million alveoli.

Bronchopulmonary segments
Definition
These well defined sectors of the
lung, each one of which is aerated
by a tertiary or segmental
bronchus.
There are 10 segments on the
right side and 10 on the left.