Map is a conventional representation, usually on

plane surface, of all part of the physical

features of the Earths surface or any part of
it.

Chart is such a representation intended primarily

for navigation. A nautical chart or marine
chart is one intended primarily for marine
navigation.

Map or chart projection is a method of

representing all or part of the surface of a sphere

or spheroid upon a plane surface. The process
is transferring points on the surface of the
sphere or spheroid onto a plane, or onto a
developable surface such as a cylinder or a cone.

Desirable Properties of Map or Chart Projections

1. True shape or physical features.
2. Correct angular relationship (conformal or
orthomorphic).
3. Equal area, or the representation of areas in their
correct relative proportions.
4. Constant scale values for measuring distances.
5. Great circles represented as straight lines.
6. Rhumblines represented as straight lines.

Types of Chart or Map projections

Mercator Map Projection
It is a conformal cylindrical map
projection in which the surface of
a sphere or spheroid , such as the
earth, is conceived as developed
on a cylinder tangent along the
equator. Meridians appear as
equally spaced vertical lines and
parallels as horizontal lines drawn
further apart as the latitude increases,
such that correct relationship between
latitude and longitude scales at any
point is maintained.

MERCATOR CHART

Simple Conic Projection

A conic projection in which the
surface of the sphere or
spheroid , such as the earth, is
conceived as developed on a
tangent cone, which is then
spread out to form a plane. The
height of the cone increases as
the latitude of the tangent
parallel decreases. At the
equator, the height reaches
infinity and the cone becomes a
cylinder. At the pole, its height is
zero and it becomes a plane.

Lambert Conformal projection

A conformal map projection of the
conic type, on which all
geographic meridians are
represented by straight lines
which meet in a common point
outside the limits of a map, and
the geographic parallels are
represented by a series of arcs of
circles having this common point
for a centre.

Planar Projection
Is a type of map in which
the details of the globe
are projected onto a
plane (a flat surface)
yielding a rectangularshaded map.

Sinusoidal Projection
Is a type of map
projection in which lines
of latitudes are
parallel to the equator,
and lines of longitudes
are curved around the
meridian.

Azimuthal
Equidistant Chart
Projection
An azimuthal map
projection on which
straight lines radiating
from the centre or pole
of projection represent
great circles in their
true azimuths from that
centre, and lengths
along those lines are of
exact scale.

Gnomonic map projection displays great circles as

straight lines.Thus the
shortest route between two
locations in reality
corresponds to that on the
map. This is achieved by
projecting, with respect to
the center of the Earth
(hence perpendicular to the
surface), the Earth's surface
onto a tangent plane. The
least distortion occurs at the
tangent point. Less than half
of the sphere can be
projected onto a finite map.