Three-phase

windings

Rotor windings

Threephase
supply

w
Stator

Air gap

ws

Rotor

wm

The stator winding are supplied with balanced three-phase AC voltage,

which produce induced voltage in the rotor windings. It is possible to
arrange the distribution of stator winding so that there is an effect of
multiple poles, producing several cycle of magnetomotive force (mmf) or
field around the air gap.
The speed of rotation of field is called the synchronous speed ws , which
is defined by :
s is syncronous speed [rad/sec]
2w
Ns is syncronous speed [rpm]
ws
or
p is numbers of poles
p
is the supply frequency [rad/sec]
f is the supply frequency [Hz]
120 f
Ns
Nm is motor speed
p

The motor speed

wm ws (1 S )

The rotor speed or motor speed is :

Where S is slip, as defined as :

Three-phase
windings

w wm
S S
wS

Rotor windings

Threephase
supply

w
Stator

Air gap

ws

Rotor

wm

Or

NS Nm
NS

Equivalent Circuit Of Induction Motor

Three-phase
windings

Where :

Rotor windings

Rs is resistance per-phase of stator winding

Threephase
supply

Rr is resistance per-phase of rotor winding

w
Air gap

Stator

Rotor

wm

ws
Is

Xs

Xs is leakage reactance per-phase of the

winding stator
Xs is leakage reactance per-phase of the
winding rotor

Xr

Rs
Im

Xm is magnetizing reactance
Ir
Rr/s

Vs

Xm

Stator

Rm

Air gap

motor

Rm is Core losses as a reactance

Performance Characteristic of
Induction Motor
Is

Xs

Xr

Rs
Im

Ir
Rr/s

Vs

Xm

Stator

Rm

Air gap

motor

Stator copper loss :

Ps cu 3 I s Rs

Rotor copper loss :

Pr cu 3 ( I r )2 Rr

'

Core losses :

V
V
Pc 3 m 3 s
Rm
Rm

'

Performance Characteristic of
Induction Motor
- Power developed on air gap (Power fropm stator to
'
rotor through air gap) :
' 2 R
Pg 3 ( I r )

'

R
- Power developed by motor : Pd Pg Pr cu 3 ( I r ) r (1 S )
S
' 2

Pd Pg (1 S )

or

- Torque of motor :

or

Td

Pd

wm

Pd 60
Td
2 N m

or

Pg (1 S )

wS (1 S )

Pg

ws

Performance Characteristic of
Induction Motor

Input power of motor :

Pi 3Vs I s cos m
Pc Ps cu Pg

Output power of motor :

Po Pd Pno load

Pd Pno load
Po
Efficiency :
Pi Pc Ps cu Pg

Performance Characteristic of
Induction Motor

If

Pg ( Pc Ps cu )

and

Pd Pno load

so, the efficiency can calculated as :

Pd Pg (1 S )

1 S
Pg
Pg

Performance Characteristic of
Induction Motor
Generally, value of reactance magnetization Xm >> value Rm (core
losses) and also X m 2 ( Rs 2 X s 2 )
So, the magnetizing voltage same with the input voltage :

Vm Vs

Therefore, the equivalent circuit is ;

Is

Xs

Ii

Im

Xm

Xr

Rs

Rr/s

Xm

Vs

Rm

Po

Pi

Stator

Air gap

motor

Is=Ir
Ir

Im

Ir
Rr/s

Vs

Xs

Xr

Rs

Stator

Air gap

rotor

Performance Characteristic of
Induction Motor
Total Impedance of this circuit is :
Ii

Xs

Xr

Rs

Is=Ir
'

Ir

Im

Rr/s

Xm

Vs

Po

Pi

Stator

Air gap

rotor

Ir
'

The rotor current is :

R
X m ( X s X r ) jX m ( Rs r )
S
Zi
'
Rr
'
Rs
j( X m X s X r )
S
'

Vs
2

Rr'
'
Rs X s X r
S

1
2

Ii

Xs

Xr

Rs

Is=Ir
Ir

Im

Td

Rr/s

Vs

Po

Pi

Stator

Air gap

3 Rr' Vs2
' 2

R
S ws Rs r X s X r'
S

rotor

Tmax

Td

Tst

TL
Tm=TL
Operating point

S=1
Nm =0

Torque speed Characteristic

Smax S=Sm S=0

wm ws
Nm Ns

Three region operation :

1. Motoring :

0 S 1

2. Regenerating :

S 0

3. Plugging :

1 S 2
Torque

Forward
regeneration

Forward
motoring

Reverse
plugging

Tmax
wm ws

wm ws

wm ws

Tst
S=Sm

-Smax
ws
S=-1

ws Smax
S=0
Ns

-Tmax

ws =0
S=1
Nm =0

ws
S=2

Performance Characteristic of
Induction Motor
Starting speed of motor is wm = 0 or S = 1,
Starting torque of motor is : Tst

3 Rr' Vs2
' 2

R
ws Rs r X s X r'
S

Slip for the maximum torque Smax can be found by setting :

So, the slip on maximum torque is : S max

d Td
0
dS

Rr'

R X X
2

1
2
'
2
r

Performance Characteristic of
Induction Motor

Torque maximum is :

Tmax

3 Vs2

2ws Rs Rs X s X r'

And the maximum regenerative torque can be found as :

Tmax

3 Vs2

2ws Rs Rs X s X r'

Where the slip of motor s = - Sm

Speed-Torque Characteristic :

Td

Rr'
S ws Rs X s X r'
S

For the high Slip S. (starting)

So, the torque of motor is :

3 Rr' Vs2

Td

And starting torque (slip S=1) is :

' 2
r

R
Rs
S

'
r

3 Rr' Vs2

S w s X s X

Tst

' 2
r

3 Rr' Vs2

w s X s X

' 2
r

For low slip S region, the motor speed near unity or synchronous
speed, in this region the impedance motor is :
2
R'

So, the motor torque is :

'

X
s
r

3Vs2 S
Td
w s R'r

And the slip at maximum torque is :

S max

Rr'

R X X

1
2
'
2
r

The maximum motor torque is :

Rs

Td

3 Rr' Vs2
' 2

Rr
S ws Rs X s X r'
S