In the name of ALLAH,

the Most Merciful, the Most Kind

Remote Telemetry & Data

Acquisition System using 2.4
GHz

Authors

Muhammad Aqeel Aslam

Zaafar Mehmood
Muhammad Shafique
Rauf Ahmad
Shahzadi Mahnoor

Overview
Telemetry generally refers to technology that
allows the remote measurement and reporting
information of interest to system designer and
operator, in addition two way telemetry also exists
where engineers have the provision of updating
and calibrating the system in real time. Some
applications are resource exploration systems,
motor racing, medicine, retail business
Data Acquisition is basically collection of data
from field devices with the help of sensors and
other instruments and send to telemetry system
for transmission the central location

Synopsis
Measurement of Temperature, Acceleration,
Velocity, Distance etc.
Wireless communication between the
vehicle and base station.
Use of OFDM and FHSS technique.
GUI for monitoring and controlling.
Operations in Harsh Environments
Dwell time of about 400ms.

Work Flow Chart

Analysis of Project

Detailed study on design of

Telemetry system

Research on sensors
and their availability

PCB designing for circuits

on Eagle Cad
Testing and mounting sensors
On the Vehicle

Work Flow Chart (Contd..)

Contd.
Interfacing sensors with Microcontroller

Development of GUI
Development of communication
link b/w Radio Modems

Developing of two way communication

for controlling the car

Testing

Block Diagram
Remote Location
Sensors

Mux

ADC

Modem

ucontroller

Max-232

PC

Block Diagram
User Location

Modem

Max-232

PC

About the Vehicle

The car will be basically a toy RC car that
will be controlled through PC.

The vehicle comprises of different sensors

interfaced with Microcontroller Unit.
All analog signals from the sensors are first
digitized using A/D converters.

Modules
Data Acquisition System
Sensors

Wireless communication
GUI

Keil uVision
Keil uVision is used for
assembly language
programming because of user
friendly environment and good
simulation.

Sensors

Following are the sensors used in the our data

acquisition system.
Accelerometer
Temperature sensor
Proximity sensor
RPM counter

RPM counter
Two RPM counters will be used to
measure the RPM of front and rear
wheels.

It is simply designed using the IR

sensors any thing the revolutions of
the wheel interrupting the IR beam
will be detected and this will make a
simple RPM counter.

Accelerometer
Accelerometer
The accelerometer selected is MMA2260D from freescale
semiconductor (previously Motorola). The output of the
accelerometer is in factors of g.
A g is a unit of acceleration equal to Earths gravity at sea
level32.2 ft/s2 or 9.81 m/s2
Acceleration is a measure of how fast the speed of something is
changing.
The control systems use the measured acceleration to
correct for changing dynamic conditions

Graph

Temperature Sensor
Temperature sensor
The temperature sensor used is LM35DZ
from the national semiconductor.
Features.
Calibrated directly in Celsius
(Centigrade).
Linear + 10.0 mV/C scale factor
0.5C accuracy guaranteeable (at
+25C)
Rated for full -55 to +150C range
Suitable for remote applications
Operates from 4 to 30 volts

Proximity Sensor
Proximity sensor
Designed from simple IR emitter and detector in such a
way so as to detect the obstacle in the path from a safe
distance.
In order to increase the range of detection the power
output of the emitter must be increased this can be
achieved by increasing the current.
The maximum current rating for a typical LED is about
20mA, in order to increase the current above that PWM
signals are required with low duty cycle so as to support
high current.

OFDM Modem

OFDM Modem Specifications:

Frequency Hoping Spread Spectrum

In Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS), the bandwidth is
divided into channels (the 2.4Ghz range is divided into 79 channels).
Once a wireless connection is established, the receiver and transmitter
agree on one of several frequency hopping patterns. Based on the current
channel and a simple mathematical calculation, both the receiver and
transmitter jump to the next channel in the sequence at the same time.
Unless you know the proper calculation to make, an eavesdropper would
have a difficult time following the communication.

The OFDM modem has a built in feature of

FHSS

Communication link
In order to develop a reliable wireless
communication link some of the parameters
must be determined i.e.

Range.
Path Loss.
Link Budget.
Fade margin.
Antenna Gain.
Transmitting Power.

Receiver Sensitivity.

Communication Link (Contd..)

Range
It is the maximum distance between the
transmitter and receiver in which the effective
communication is possible.
All calculations mentioned previously will then
be based on this parameter
For our project it is aimed to be 10KM

Communication Link (Contd..)

Path Loss
It is basically a attenuation undergone by an electromagnetic wave in
transit from a telecommunication system from transmitter to receiver.
It is a major component in the analysis of Link Budget calculation.
Path loss can be calculated as
Path Loss = 92.45 + 20LogF + 20Logd
Where F=2.4GHz and d=10KM for our system
Path loss = 92.45 + 20Log(2.4) + 20Log(10)
Path loss = 120.05dB

Budget Link Calculation

The link budget calculation is as follows:
Pout - CT + GT+ FSL - Cr + Gr Rin= Fad margin
Where:
Pout Output power of transmitter in dbm
Ct
Antenna and cable losses at transmitter in dB
Gt
Transmitter Antenna gain in dbi
FSL Free Space Loss', propagation loss in dB (negative
number)
Cr
Antenna and cable losses at receiver in dB
Gr
Receiver Antenna gain in dbi
Rin
Receiver sensitivity in dbm (negative number)

The communication Link

Fade Margin
A design allowance that provides for sufficient
system gain or sensitivity to accommodate
expected fading, for the purpose of ensuring the
required quality of service is maintained.

The fade margin for the proposed system is 10dB

The communication link

Antenna Gain
Antenna is basically a passive element, by gain of
antenna it is usually meant to provide more radiated
power in certain direction than radiated by isotropic
antenna.

If antenna has a positive gain in certain directions then it

must have negative gain in other directions as energy is
conserved by the antenna.
Gain of antenna is always measured with reference to the
isotropic antenna.

Calculation Of The Antenna Gain

The Calculation of Antenna gain for our system is as fallow

Fad Margin = 10dbm
Pout=30 dbm ( 1 w)
Antenna gain, Gt: x
FSL (free space loss)=120.05db
CT= 4.28 db
The receiver sensitivity Rin: -105dbm
Cr=3 dB
Antenna gain, Gr: x
Add this lot up then &.
30 4.28 + x 120.05 3 + x + 105 = 10dbm
2x =10 +7.67

x= 1.16 dbi

Selection Of Cables

Choice of cable is important. Lower loss cables are more

costly and a price/performance compromise must be made.
There are several ways to minimize the effects of cable
losses:
Keep cable lengths to a minimum
Check the connectors on the cables. Poor quality connectors
may have worse effects than the cables themselves.
Use a bi-directional amplifier with automatic gain control

SELECTION OF CABLES
Cable losses of standard cable types are shown below:
Cable Type

915 MHz

RG-316

--

1.2 GHz

2.4 GHz

5.8 GHz

1.1

1.28

1.7

RG-58

0.541

0.692

1.056

1.692

RG-8X

0.420

0.528

0.758

0.1342

LMR-240

0.249

0.302

0.423

0.669

RG-213/214

0.262

0.331

0.499

0.938

LMR-400

0.128

0.157

0.223

0.354

LMR-600

0.082

0.102

0.144

0.239

Selection Of Cables
Graph of cable losses vs. cable length
24
21

Losses (db)

18
15

RG-316

12

RG-58

LMR-400

LMR-600

3
0
2

10

12

14

16

18

20

Length (m)

Since this system is a prototype and the cable

length is up to a meter, we are using RG-316,
which has greater losses

Software Details

Implementation in C language.
GUI based on standard (borland
graphics interfac)e library.
Bi-Directional serial communication

Real-time graph plotting

Data Extraction & Presentation

Raw data is converted into

meaningful parameters.
Graphical approach to analyze the
different parameters.
Remote Control of car while
monitoring its parameters.

Graphs from GUI

Hardware requirements
OFDM modem operating at 2.4GHz.
Microcontroller programmer.
Various Sensor
R.C CAR.
Pentium series computer.

Software Requirements
C Language

Eagle CAD
Keil uVision

Advancements

In this project we have one vehicle data, many vehicles data can transmit their d
to a hub station.

Video telemetry can be used, so one can monitor and control the car more
accurately.

Inspired from SCADA system, we can implement this system on a plant to moni
and control different parameters in real time.

Future enhancement can make use of Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division

Multiplexing (COFDM) RF Modem. COFDM is a complex technology to implemen
but it is now widely used in communication systems to make it easier to encode
and decode such signals.

Use of more sensors and increased data rate.

More informative interface.

Conclusion
In a nutshell The system designed is basically a
prototype that defines basic aspects of wireless
telemetry and data acquisition and focuses on all
the parameters needed in developing a wireless
link

Get aware of different parameters while

developing the communication link
To have some idea how to extract information
from the raw data received from the remote
location.